Load Flow and Short Circuit Calculation with

PowerFactory
Exercises
Basic System Modelling and Data Input
Basic System Modelling and Data Input

1. Define a new Project [1] and name it "PF Seminar".

2. Name the Grid "110 kV Grid"

3. Rename the single line diagram to "110 kV Grid Main Diagram".

4. Make the graphic layer “Background” visible( ) and select the file
“PF_Seminar_110_kV_Grid.wmf” as background image. The image can be selected in the
“Configuration” for the background layer.
Basic System Modelling and Data Input

5. Change the paper definition for the drawing area to A4, portrait [1].

6. Enter the grid of the 110 kV network [4] according to SLD.

7. Place the single and double busbar systems (substations) on the drawing area.

8. Rename the substations into “ST-1”, “ST-2” and “ST-3”.

9. Place a simple Terminal as connection node of the External Grid (380 kV level). Set up the
nominal voltage correctly.
Basic System Modelling and Data Input

10. Use also simple Terminals for the nodes between the generators and their transformers.

11. Enter the lines between the busbars of the substations and set the correct type as well as
length for the lines.

12. Add the transformers, generators and the external grid.

13. Please create the line types “Al/St 185/30” and “Al/St 150/50”, the transformer types “T-
380/110-150MVA” and “T-110/10-60MVA”, and the generator type “46MVA GT” according to
the following tables in the Equipment Type Library.
Single Line Diagram
Single Line Diagram (cont’d)
Data Input
• Line Types Al/ St 185/ 30 and Al/ St 150/ 50 • Transformer Types T-380/ 110-150MVA YNy0 and T-
Name Al/St 185/30 Al/St 150/50 110/ 10-60MVA YNd5
Name T-380/110-150MVA T-110/10-60MVA
Rated Voltage 123 kV 110 kV
Rated Power 150MVA 60MVA
Rated Current 0,535 kA 0,47 kA
Rated Voltage 380kV/110kV 112,5kV/10,5kV
Line Parameters pos. Seq. R’= 0,15 Ω/km R’= 0,1939 Ω/km
SC-Voltage uk 9,5% 7%
X’= 0,4 Ω/km X’= 0,3563 Ω/km
Copper Losses 300kW 144kW

R0’= 0,31 Ω/km R0’= 0,34 Ω/km uk0 10% 12%

Line Parameters zero Seq.
ukr0 1,2% 1,2%
X0’= 1,11 Ω/km X0’= 1,576 Ω/km
Line Parameters pos. Seq. C’= 0,009 μF/km C’= 0,0103 μF/km
Tap changer at high-voltage 0,85% per step 2,5% per step
side
Insulation Factor= 0 Insulation Factor= 0
Position from -9 to 9 Position from -5 to 5
C0’= 0,005 μF/km C0’= 0,0052 μF/km No Load Current 0,1% 0,078%
Line Parameters zero Seq.
No Load Losses 15kW 31,51kW
Insulation Factor = 0 Insulation Factor= 0
Data Input
• Generator Type 46 MVA GT
Name 46 MVA GT x0 [p.u.] 0,076
Rated Apparent Power 46 MVA
Rated Voltage 10,5 kV r0 [p.u.] 0,006
x2 [p.u.] 0,185
Power Factor 0,8
Connection YN r2 [p.u.] 0,039
xd’ [p.u.] 0,219
Xd [p.u.] 2,349
xd” [p.u.] 0,169

Xq [p.u.] 2,136 xd”sat [p.u.] 0,134

Reactive Power Limits -0,44/0,83
[p.u.] xdsat [p.u.] 1,97
rstr [p.u.] 0,002
Data Input
• Substations • Terminals

Name Nominal Voltage Name Nominal Voltage

ST-1 110 kV N-Gen-1 10 kV

ST-2 110 kV N-Gen-2 10 kV

ST-3 110 kV ST-2- 380 kV

380kV
Data Input
• Lines
Name Type Length
L-1-1 Al/St 185/30 15.00 km
L-1-2 Al/St 185/30 15.00 km
L-2-1 Al/St 185/30 25.00 km
L-3-1 Al/St 150/50 50.00 km
L-3-2 Al/St 150/50 50.00 km

• Transformers
Name Type

T-1 T-380/110-150MVA

T-PP-1 T-110/10-60MVA

T-PP-2 T-110/10-60MVA
Data Input
• External Grid
Name Sk’’max Sk’’min Bus Type Voltage Setpoint Voltage Angle

Ext- 8000.00 7000.00 SL 1.02 0.00°

380kV MVA MVA p.u.

• Generators
Name Type Mode of Local Active Power Dispatch Voltage Setpoint
Voltage Controller
Gen-1 46 MVA GT Voltage 30.00 MW 1.00 p.u.

Gen-2 46 MVA GT Voltage 30.00 MW 1.00 p.u.

Data Input
• Loads
Name Active Power Power Factor cos(j)
Demand
BL-ST-1 22.00 MW 0.86

BL-ST-2 35.00 MW 0.88

BL-ST-3.1 46.40 MW 0.85

BL-ST-3.2 50.00 MW 0.85

Basic System Modelling and Data Input

14. After entering the grid, hide the graphic layer “Background” again.

15. Enter the title in the title block according to Figure 1.2 and insert a logo if you have a bmp-file
available [5].

16. Change the format of boxes in which the element’s names are shown in order to also display
the used Types (type names) and the line length. The procedure is similar to [11].

17. Display the vector group of the transformers in the single line diagram (graphic layer “Vector
Groups”).

18. Colour the grid according to the nominal voltages. [7]

Basic System Modelling and Data Input
19. Display the legend for the colouring mode and move it to a suitable place in the diagram.

20. Check the entered data by using the Data Verification function.

21. Change data if necessary.

22. Export the single line diagram as a *.wmf file.

23. Select the Documentation of Device Data in order to create a report of the entered data in the
Output Window.
Navigating inside a Project and Finding Data
Using the Filter for Relevant Objects for Calculation

1. Open a browser with all lines relevant for calculation

2. Select the line “L-3-1” in the browser window.
3. Click with the right mouse button on the selected line object and select “Mark
in Graphic” from the context sensitive menu in order to find the line in the
single line diagram. In the next dialogue choose the “110 kV Grid Main
Diagram”.
4. Close the browser window afterwards.
Navigating between Graphic and Data Base

5. Click with right mouse button on line “L-3-2” in the single line diagram and
select “Edit and Browse Data” from the context sensitive menu in order to find
the line in the Data Manager.
6. Afterwards select another element in the Data Manager and click with the right
mouse button on it in order to find it in the single line diagram.
Finding connected elements

1. Open the data manager and go to the line types in the equipment type library folder.

2. Search for the line type ‘Al/St 185/30‘.

3. Get a list of objects, which are referring to this type. Therefore right-click the object and select the

function ‘Output -> Reference List’.

4. In the output window a list of lines is shown using this object.

5. Double-click the first line in the list and change its line length.

6. Afterwards close the line dialogue by pressing OK.

7. Now right-click the line in the list (in the Output Window) to mark the line in the single line diagram.

8. Change the line length back to its original value.

Load Flow Analysis
Load Flow Calculation
1. Start a load-flow calculation with all options deactivated.

2. Check for errors and warnings in the output window and correct problems if there are any.

3. Repeat the load-flow calculation if necessary.

Result Analysis
Viewing Results in the Single Line Diagram

1. Display direction arrows according to the active power flow in the single line diagram).

2. Colour the single-line diagram according to low/high voltage and overloading [7].

3. View the values in the result boxes.

4. Display the legend for the result boxes [8].

5. Select the format “Loading” for the result boxes of the edge elements (lines, transformers,
generators etc.). View the results.
Result Analysis
6. Change the format for the result boxes of the edge elements back to “Power Loading”.

7. Add the voltage deviation du in the results boxes of the busbars / nodes [11].

8. Add the current in the result boxes of the edge elements [11].

9. Change the unit of the current results from kA to A.

10. Define an additional text box for transformer “T-1” and display the active and reactive
power losses of the transformer.[12]
Result Analysis
Flexible Data Page

1. Open a browser with the results for all busbars which are relevant for calculation [6].

2. Go to the Flexible Data page and sort for the voltage results in per unit.

3. Define a "Flexible Page" format for the busbars according to the following format [9].

4. Open the browser with the results for all terminals [6] and see the differences to the table
above.

5. Define the "flexible page" format for the Grids according to the following format
Result Analysis
Reports

1. Create a ASCII-report for the "Area Summary" [13].

2. Create a ASCII-report for the "Complete System Report" (kind of report: All).

3. Save the report, displayed in the Output window, in a text file.

Load Flow with Feeder Load Scaling,
Voltage Profiles
Feeders Definition
1. Define feeders at the in-feed transformers of the 20kV grid “Trf-ST1” and “Trf-ST3”. Mind that
the feeder direction is into the 20kV grid.

2. Name them "Feeder ST-1"and "Feeder ST-3" respectively.

3. Re-calculate the load-flow.

4. Change the colouring mode to "Feeder Definitions". Change the colours of the feeders to your
liking.
Voltage Profiles

1. Calculate a load flow.

2. Select one element contained in the feeder “Feeder ST-1”.

3. Click with the right-mouse button on this element and select "Output Data ->
Show Voltage Profile" to create a voltage profile plot for this feeder definition
[20].

4. Create a second voltage profile plot for the second feeder definition [20].
Feeder Load Scaling
The loads along the feeder ST-3 are to be scaled according to a total power demand of 60 MW that has been
measured at the feeder. To do this,

1. Open a browser with all loads [6].

2. Enable the option "Adjusted by Load Scaling" for all loads in the 20 kV grid except the loads "L-ST4",
“LST5” and "L-SW1". Close the browser again.
3. Set the load-scaling mode of the feeder to "Active Power" and set the measured active power to 60
MW.
4. Calculate a load flow with the option "Feeder Load Scaling" enabled.

Show the adjusted scale factor in the result box of the loads

Note: It is possible to take the scale factor determined by the load scaling of the loads permanently in the
network model [23].
Feeder Load Scaling with Load Curves
Domestic Domestic
Time [hours] Time [hours]
In the previous exercise we used a fixed load value to scale Profile[p.u.] Profile[p.u.]

the feeder. In reality the load demand of a feeder may vary 1 0,903 13 0,764

2 0,831 14 0,769
with time. PowerFactory offers the possibility to define
3 0,751 15 0,762
characteristics for values, such as a load demand of a feeder.
4 0,671 16 0,790

This makes it possible to see overloading or voltage drops for 5 0,635 17 0,816

different points in time. 6 0,675 18 0,820

7 0,743 19 0,845
1. Use a parameter characteristic in order to create
8 0,778 20 0,881

the load curves displayed in Table 6-1. The values 9 0,769 21 0,959

are also available in the file “LoadCurve.xls”. 10 0,763 22 1,000

11 0,759 23 0,981

12 0,754 24 0,925
Feeder Load Scaling with Load Curves
2. Use a “Vector characteristic” (ChaVec) and the “Time Scale” scale (TriTime)

3. Apply the load curve to the active power value of the feeder ST-3 and calculate a load flow
with the option “Feeder load scaling” enabled.

4. Change the time of your study case and recalculate the load flow. Compare the two results.
Load Flow with Voltage Control
and Reactive Power Control
Station Controller
1. Define a station controller for the generators “Gen-1” and “Gen-2” [14]. This controller should keep the
voltage at “B0.0” in substation “ST-1” at 1.02 p.u. The required reactive power is to be distributed equally
over the two generators according to their nominal power. Use the “Controller Info” button to check the
control strategy.

2. Calculate a load-flow.

3. Deactivate the station controller [15], and check the load-flow results.

4. Activate the controller again, and execute a new load-flow calculation.

5. See the change in the voltage levels at the busbars. Check the reactive power output and also the
loading of the generators.
Reactive Power Limits
1. Set the reactive power limits of “Gen-1” and “Gen-2” to + 30 Mvar / - 12 Mvar.

2. Perform a load-flow calculation and observe the warnings in the output window

3. Perform a second load flow, but now enable the option "Consider Reactive Power Limits" in the
load-flow command. Observe the differences between the two load flow results [16]. Is the
station controller still capable of keeping the voltage at 1.02 p.u. at “B0.1” in substation “ST-1”?
You might want to use the “Comparing of Results”-Option to analyze the results.
Generator Capability Curve
Reactive power limits of generators are actually
Min. Reactive Max. Reactive
Active Power
dependent on the operating point. With the help [p.u.]
Power
[p.u.]
Power
[p.u.]

of capability curves they can be defined very 0 -0.4 0.86

precisely in PowerFactory. 0.3 -0.3 0.83

0.6 -0.19 0.72

1. Create a new capability curve object for
0.8 -0.12 0.6
both generators, which is depending on
0.9 -0.08 0.4
the active power output of the machine
0.95 -0.06 0.3
[24]. Enter the data according to Table
1 -0.04 -0.04
7.1.
Generator Capability Curve
2. Select the curve for both generators [25].

3. Perform a load-flow calculation and observe the warnings in the output window.

4. Open the input dialogue window of generator “Gen-1” and examine the operation point of the generator in
the capability curve diagram.

5. Perform a second load flow, but now enable the option "Consider Reactive Power Limits". Check the output
messages for the generators. Observe the differences between the two load flow results [16].
Automatic Tap Adjust
The voltage can also be set through the variable ratio of a transformer.

1. Enable the automatic tap changer of transformers “T-PP-1” and “T-PP-2” in substation “ST-
1” [17] to control the voltage at the high voltage side (“ST-1”) to 1.02 p.u.:
o "Controlled Node" = "HV“

o "Control Mode" = "V"

o "Upper Voltage Bound" = 1.04 p.u.

o "Voltage Setpoint" = 1.02 p.u.

o "Lower Voltage Bound" = 1.00 p.u.

o "Tap Changer" = "discrete"

Automatic Tap Adjust
1. Repeat the same operation for the transformer “T-1” connected to the external network. Enable the
automatic tap changer to control the voltage at the low voltage side (“ST-2”) to 1.02 p.u.:
o "Controlled Node" = "LV"

o "Control Mode" = "V"

o "Upper Voltage Bound" = 1.03 p.u.

o "Voltage Setpoint" = 1.02 p.u.

o "Lower Voltage Bound" = 1.01 p.u.

o "Tap Changer" = "discrete"

2. Execute a load-flow calculation with the option "Automatic Tap Adjust of Transformers" enabled. Compare
results.

3. Make the tap positions visible [18]

Working with different Networks
Adding a second grid
1. Open the “File” menu and select “New -> Grid”

2. Name the Grid “20 kV Grid” and press “OK”.

3. Add the “20 kV Grid” to the active study case [21].

When you see the new empty drawing area, you could start defining (drawing) the 20 kV grid. In
order to make this exercise easier, we will import a project with a pre-defined 20 kV grid.
Adding a second grid
1. Deactivate your project.

2. Import the file “PF_Seminar_with_20kV_Grid.pfd“ and save it directly in your user account
(parallel to the already existing project “PF Seminar”).

3. Activate the imported project “PF_Seminar_with_20kV_Grid.pfd“.

4. Run a load-flow to check data for integrity. Both grids are now running isolated. Verify the total
power exchange between grids to be zero (Calculation Parameter ‘Interchange Flow’ c:InterP,
c:InterQ).
Expansion of the grid
For the further exercises the 20 kV grid will be supplemented by an additional line. Along this line a
wind park and loads will be connected.

5. Complete the 20 kV network as shown in the following figure, adding a line between “St-4“ and
“ST-5” (length: 10km). The loads can be added by placing them directly on the line and entering
the appropriate position. Select the option “Insert switches” for the right and left side [22].

6. Adjust the load data and line types according to Figure 4.1.

7. Open the switch on the left side of the load “L-SW11”.

8. Run a load-flow.
Expansion of the grid
Connection of a Wind Farm
A new wind farm shall be connect at the node “Place on Line 5 km”. It Consists of five wind
turbines and five step-up transformers. The wind turbines shall be modelled as a static generator.

1. Create a new substation with the following data:

o Name: Substation Wind Warm

o Short Name: S-Wind

o Nominal Voltage: 20 kV

2. Connect the substation to the point of common coupling (PCC) with a cable
o Name: Wind Farm Cable

o Type: NA2YSY 1x300RM 12/20kV ir

o Length: 2.4 km
Connection of a Wind Farm

3. Draw a “Point Terminal” below the substation

o Name: Terminal WT

o Nominal Voltage: 0.69 kV

4. Connect the substation and the point terminal with a 2-winding transformer
o Name: Step-Up WT

o T-20/0.69-3MVA

o Number of parallel Transformers: 5

Connection of a Wind Farm
5. Connect a static generator to the point terminal
o Basic Data
 Name: Wind Turbines
 Category: Wind Generator
 Number of parallel Machines: 5
 Rated Apparent Power: 3 MVA
 Rated Power Factor: 0.9
o Load-Flow Data
 Local Voltage Controller: Power Factor
 Dispatch: P = 1.5 MW ; Power Factor = 1.0

6. Run a load flow calculation and observe the voltage at the node “Place on Line
5 km” with and without the connected wind farm.
Connection of a Wind Farm
Connecting Grids
Connecting Grids
• You already noticed, that beside the 110kV grid, there is also a 20kV
grid in this project. In their default state both grids are entirely
separate. In this exercises you will learn different ways to connect
multiple grids.
• Run a load-flow to check data for integrity. Both grids are now
running isolated. Verify the total power exchange between grids to
be zero (Calculation Parameter ‘Interchange Flow’ c:InterP, c:InterQ).
• The external grid elements “Ext-ST1” and “Ext-ST3” are representing the
infeed from the 110kV network. The loads "Load -ST1" and "Load
_ST3.1" in the 110 kV Grid are modelling the transformers "T-ST1" and
"T-ST3". The two grids are connected in reality. This connection is now
to be restored.
Connecting Grids
There are several ways to connect the two grids:
1. Delete the external network "Ext-ST3" and the 110 kV terminal to which it is
connected, as well as the load "BL-ST3.1" in the “110kV Grid Main Diagram”.
2. Select the busbar of the substation “ST-3” in the “110kV Grid Main Diagram”
and copy it (only copy, don’t paste).
3. Open diagram of the 20 kV Grid and click with the right mouse button in the
free space beneath transformer “T-ST3”.
4. Select “Paste Graphic only” (NOT “Paste”) from the context sensitive menu.
5. Place the busbar symbol.
6. Right-click on transformer “T-ST3” and select “Connect Element”.
7. Connect the transformer with the new inserted busbar symbol.
Connecting Grids
Another way to connect grids is to connect a transformer or line from
one grid to the other:
1. Delete the external network "Ext-ST1" and the 110 kV terminal to
which it is connected, as well as the load "BL-ST1" in the “110kV
Grid Main Diagram”.
2. Select the transformer which has now only one connection and use
the function “Connect Element” to connect the transformer to the
busbar of the 110kV substation “ST-1” in the diagram “110 kV Grid
Main Diagram” (first click in the diagram to place the transformer,
afterwards click on the busbar to connect it).
3. The transformer should now be shown in both network diagrams.
Short Circuit Analysis
Short Circuit Calculation according to IEC 60909

Three-Phase Short Circuits at all Busbars

1. Calculate a 3-phase short-circuit at “All busbars and terminals” using the IEC 60909–2001
standard.

2. Define a table using for the S/C calculation showing the following result variables:
o Initial Short Circuit Current (Ikss)

o Initial Short Circuit Power (Skss)

o Peak Short Circuit Current (ip)

o Short-Circuit Breaking Current (Ib)

o Steady Steate Short-Circuit Current

o Short-Circuit Impedances (Rel, Imaginary Part and Amplitude)

Short Circuit Calculation according to IEC 60909

3. Sort out all busbars in increasing order according to the initial short circuit power. What
are the busbars
with the highest and lowest short circuit power?

4. Colour the network diagram according to “Loading of Thermal / Peak Short-Circuit

Current”.
Short Circuit Calculation according to IEC 60909

Three-Phase Short Circuit at one Busbar / Partial Short Circuit Currents

1. Calculate a three-phase fault on busbar “B0.1” in “ST-1”.

2. Analyse the influence of the “Breaker Time” on the variable Ib.

3. Analyse the influence of the “Fault Clearing Time” on the variable Ith.

4. Repeat the analysis with a three-phase short circuit on busbar “S0.0” in “ST-4” of the 20kV
grid.
Short Circuit Calculation according to IEC 60909

Three-Phase Short Circuit on a Line

• Calculate a 3-phase fault on line „L-3-2“ at the line distance of 70% (from the network in-

feed) and check the influences again as above.

Short Circuit Calculation according to IEC 60909

Single-Phase Short Circuit

Single-Phase short-circuits are especially problematic in medium voltage grids. Thus we will

continue the short circuit training in the medium voltage grid imported earlier.
1. The capacitance connected to the 20kV busbar “ST-4” represents a further cable capacitance.

2. Disconnect the capacitor first.

3. Calculate a single-phase short circuit current at “ST-4” according to IEC60909.

4. Determine the zero-sequence impedance for the NEC element, so that the network is compensated.

Herewith please use the zero-sequence impedances (R0, X0) at the S/C fault busbar.
Short Circuit Calculation according to IEC 60909

5. Run the S/C calculation again and check, if the magnitude of the
current is small.

6. Now please connect the capacitor to the system and calculate a

single-phase S/C current at “ST-4”
again. Has the magnitude of the current changed much?

7. Determine the new zero-sequence impedance for the NEC

element, so the network is compensated again. Either use the
zero sequence impedance of the NEC itself or change the internal
grounding
impedance.

8. Check if the magnitude of the current is again near zero.

Short Circuit Calculation with the Complete Method

1. Calculate the single-phase short circuit with the Complete Method now. Is the result the same?

2. Check the influence of the Phase Technology of the loads (select either grounded star YN or
delta D). Try to explain the effect. You need to change the load type to change the phase
technology.

Compare the results with those of the IEC method. Why does the connection technology of the
loads not matter in the IEC short-circuit calculation?
Calculation of Multiple (Simultaneous) Faults

1. Define a simultaneous single phase to ground fault at the lines “ST4-SW1-1” (fault in phase A)
and

2. “ST4-SW1-2” (fault in phase B).

3. Calculate the multiple short circuit. Be sure to use the complete method on the short circuit
command.

4. Analyze the results on the single line diagram.

 ANNEXES
Additional Detailed Instructions
[1] To create a new project:

1. Main Menu : "File - New". This opens the "New" dialog.

2. Tick the option "New - Project". Enter the project's name. Make sure that the 'Target Folder' points to

the folder in which you want to create the project (normally that is your user account folder).

3. Press Execute. A grid is automatically created in the new project and a dialog will pop up asking you for

the name of that grid.

The empty single line diagram for the newly created grid will be shown. You can now start drawing your grid.

You can change the size of the drawing area by pressing the button on the graphics window toolbar. If

you select a sub-size for printing which is smaller than the drawing size, then the single line diagram will be

split into several pages when printed. Otherwise, the drawing area will be scaled to the printer paper

automatically.
[1] To create a new project:
• You may change the name of the project after you have created it through the main menu : "Edit - Project".

This menu-option opens the project dialog. Be careful not to change any settings or buttons which you do

not know.

• You can change the name of the Study Case through the main menu : "Edit - Study Case". Here you can

change the name of the study case, but you can also change the settings of the Grids that are activated by

the study case. To change the grids, press the button "Grids/System Stages". This opens a list of all Grids. You

can either double-click the name to change it (press "return" twice to confirm the change), or you can select

the Grid that you want to change (by left-clicking the icon in the first column), and press the "Edit Object“

Button in the current window.

[2] Activating / Deactivating a Project

• The last 5 active projects are listed at the "File" menu on the main menu bar. The currently active

project is the first one in this list. To deactivate the currently active project, select it in the list (left

click it). Alternatively, you may choose the option "File - Close Project" from the main menu.

• To activate a project, select it in the list of 5 last active projects. To activate a project that is not in

the list of 5 last active projects, use the option on the main menu "File – Open project". This

brings a tree with all the project in your user account. Select the project that you want to activate
[3] Import a Project Data File From Disk
(*.pfd or *.dz file)

• Press Main Menu: "Import". Select the file on disk that you want to import. If required, press the
black arrow button to select another path to which you want to import the objects in the file. This
opens a tree with all the folders in your database from which you can select the correct folder
(normally, this would be your user account folder)
[4] Enter Grid Elements

• You may want to maximize the drawing area by pressing the button. Press this button again to
return to normal viewing mode.
1. Select the Graphics Cursor in the drawing toolbox ( )

2. Select an object in the drawing toolbox. (start with a busbar or terminal)

3. Move to the drawing area. Position the element by a left click. When you want to move it, select it with a left
mouse click, then drag it along.

4. Select a busbar/terminal and drag the small black squares to resize the busbar/terminal

5. Connect a branch/load/generator etc. by clicking on a busbar/terminal

6. Double-click an element to open its dialog In an element's dialog, press the small button with the down-arrow to
select a type. Choose "Select Project Type" to jump to the local, project specific, type-library.
[4] Enter Grid Elements

Tips:
o Start entering a new grid by drawing all busbars/terminals. Then connect the branches
between them.
o Use the zoom function.

o Use the undo button if you have drawn an object of the wrong type
[5] Edit Title Block
1. Double click the title block to edit it. If no title block is visible, then make it visible by pressing
the button at the top-right of the drawing window.

2. Press the right-pointed arrow button to edit the title.

3. Enter the project, title, etc. Press the [...] button to select a bitmap for the Company Logo.
[6] Open a Browser for Class of Objects
• Press the button on the main menu to get a submenu with icons for all classes that are
currently used in the calculation. Pressing any of the class-icons will open a browser with all
elements of that class that are currently used in the calculation. In all browsers, the shown
objects can be sorted to any column by pressing the column title button on top.
[7] Single-Line Colouring Mode
• Press the button to open the colouring dialog. Select the colouring mode. Change the data
when required for the selected mode. Enabling the option "Show Color Legend" will create a
legend in the active single line diagram. You can move and resize the legend by using the graphics
cursor.

• The button "apply to all graphics" will change the colouring mode not only for the active diagram,
but for all diagrams in the active graphics board.
[8] Display Legend for Result Boxes
• Press the button on the drawing window to show/hide the result box legend. Double click the
legend with the data cursor to change the view. Use the graphics cursor to move/resize the
legend. Use the context sensitive menu to move the legend into a corner of the drawing window.
[9] Define/Change a Flexible Page Format
• A browser with objects can be put into detailed mode by pressing the button. The leftmost tab-pagers
at the bottom of the browser it the "Flexible Data" tab. Press this to show the flexible data. To change the
columns in the flexible page, press the button. This brings a selection window, where you can create,
select or edit a set of variables. If a variable set is edited, then a variable set manager will pop up. This
variable set manager shows in the left pane the available variables, and in the right pane the selected
variables. Press the << or >> buttons to move the selected variable from the one to the other pane. Use the
various filter settings to show more available variables.

• The flexible page will show each selected variable in a separate column.
[10] Change Overall Result Box Format
• In the main menu, select "Output - Results for Edge Elements" or "Output - Results for Buses".
These menu options will show a list of available result box formats.
[11] Change Result Box Format
• Select the data-cursor. Right-click a result-box, and select 'edit Format". This will bring a selection
object which is used to create/select/edit the result box format. Press the arrow at "Used Form"
to jump to the currently used format definition. This will bring the Form definition object.

• You may choose between "Predefined variables", "User selection" or "text Editor" mode by
pressing the "Input Mode" button. The "Predefined variables" is the most easy and convenient.
The two other modes are more flexible, but also more complicated. Text editor mode is
recommended for advanced users only.
[12] Define a Text Box
• Right-click an object in the single line diagram with the data cursor and select "Create Textbox".
This will create a default textbox in the single line diagram and opens the format selection object
automatically. From here, a new format can be created, selected or the current one can be edited
in the same way as the result boxes. See #11.

• The connection line from the text box to the object can be hidden by disabling the option in the
main menu : "Options - Graphic - Graphics Options / Result Boxes : Show Line from General...".
[13] Create a ASCII Report
• ASCII reports can be created by pressing the ("output calculation analysis") button on the
main menu. This will bring a selection window in which you can select a report. Many reports
have various options which you can set. The report selection window also shows the report
definition which will be used for the selected report. Pressing "execute" will write the report to
the output window.
[14] Define a Station Controller
• A Station controller is basically a reactive power controller for one or more generators which will
keep the voltage at a specific busbar/terminal at the given set-point. To define a new station
controller, select one or more generators and one busbar/terminal and right-click the selection.
Then select "Define .. Station Control". This will open a predefined station control dialog, which
already has the generators and the busbar entered at the right positions. You may now set the
voltage set-point of the controlled bar, the control mode and the relative reactive power
contribution for each generator.
[15] Deactivate a Model
• To deactivate a controller, set it "out of service". Almost all elements have a flag to set them out-
of-service. To deactivate a controller, press the button on the main and select the icon for the
controller. This brings a browser with all controllers of the selected class. You can now enable the
out-of-service flag. Do not forget to close the browser when you are finished with it.
[16] Observe Differences between Calculations

• Of course, it is possible to write down the result of one calculation and then compare the
numbers with the result of another calculation. More convenient it is to press the button
after the first calculation has finished. This will save all visible results. If you want to see the
difference in an ASCII report, then you must print the report now in order to record the
current values.

• If you now start a second calculation, then the shown results will be in percentage
differences from the first calculation. An ASCII report will also show the differences, as long
as the report was recorded for the first calculation.

• You can start a third calculation, and a fourth, etc. Press the button to define what you
want to see in terms of absolute or relative differences between the various calculations.
[17] Enable Automatic Tap Changer of a Transformer

• Open the dialog of the transformer. At the Loadflow page, enable the option "Automatic tap
Changing". Automatic tap changing does not make sense if the transformer type does not have
tap positions defined.
[18] Make Tap Position Visible

• To make the tap position visible in the single line diagram, press the button at
the graphics toolbar. This will open the Graphics Layer dialog. Move the "Tap
Positions" layer to the "Visible" panel. Tap positions will now be shown for all
transformers and shunts.
[19] Add a Load in a Line

• A load is normally added to a terminal or busbar by clicking on that terminal/busbar in the single
line diagram. You can also click on an existing line or line route in the same way, and this will
insert a terminal in that line or line route, thereby dividing the line or line route in two, and
connects the load to that terminal. A dialog will pop up asking you at which physical distance the
load will be inserted and if any switches are to be inserted.

• Once a load has been inserted into a line or line route, you can change it physical position by right
clicking the terminal with the data cursor and selecting "Move Position".
[20] Create a Voltage Profile Plot

• A voltage profile can only be created after a loadflow calculation has been made.

• It can be created by right-clicking branch where a feeder has been defined, and
selection "Output Data - Show Voltage Profile". This will create a virtual
instrument panel in the graphics board and will show the voltage profile for the
feeder.
[21] Add a Grid to the Study Case

• A study case will activate one or mode grids. Only the objects in the active grids will be regarded
in the calculations. In order to add a grid to the study case, open a database browser, right click
the grid (or one of its variants) and select "Add to Study Case". To remove an active grid or
variant, select "Remove from Study Case".
[22] Add a Load in a Line

• A load is normally add to a terminal or busbar by clicking on that terminal/busbar in the single
line diagram. You can also click on an existing line or line route in the same way, and this will
insert a terminal in that line or line route, thereby dividing the line or line route in two, and
connects the load to that terminal. A dialog will pop up asking you at which physical distance the
load will be inserted and if any switches are to be inserted.

• Once a load has been inserted into a line or line route, you can change it physical position by right
clicking the terminal with the data cursor and selecting "Move Position".
[22] Add a Load in a Line

• After performing an automatic load

scaling, the determined scaling factors
can be adopt permanently in the
database, by updating the button
"Update database" and selecting
“Scaling factor of Loads”.
[24] Defining a Mvar Limit Curve

• Locate the “Mvar Limit Curves” folder in the operational library. Right-Click this folder in the data
manager and press the button (“New -> Others…”) to create new objects. Select Element
“Capability Curves (IntQlim)”. Select the “Input Model” on the “Configuration” page. Append the
numbers of rows for the curve accordingly. Insert data as required.
[25] Applying Mvar Limit Curve from Operational Library

• Double-click on a generator in the graphic to open its element edit dialogue. On the load flow
page, under “Capability Curve”, choose “Select…”. Choose the applicable Mvar limit curve and
press OK.
[26] Define a Line Coupling

• Select the lines, for which the line coupling should be defined. Select “New -> Define…” in the
right-mousebutton menu. Open the folder “Tower Types” in the library. On the right side of the
data manager select “New -> Others…” and “Tower Geometry Type” as element in the right-
mouse-button menu. Enter the geometry data for the tower type. Select the line for circuit 1, the
line types

• Double-click on a generator in the graphic to open its element edit dialogue. On the load flow
page, under “Capability Curve”, choose “Select…”. Choose the applicable Mvar limit curve and
press OK.