Database Design and

Development

Topic 2_Enhancing Design

(Normalization)
2

Functional Dependence
Relationship between attributes..
AB

StudentID StudentName StudentID Activity

23 Singh 21 Dancing
34 Smith 21 Swimming
56 Smith 34 Dancing
76 John 55 Fencing

StudentID  StudentName No functional

dependence.
Anomalies
What happens if we change the price of Dancing?
• Deletion Anomalies

StudentID Activity Cost

• Update Anomalies
21 Dancing $23
21 Swimming $50
• Insertion Anomalies
34 Dancing $23
55 Fencing $20

Football $30

What information do we lose if 55 stops Fencing? What happens if we add

activity football with cost $30
Splitting the Relation
StudentID Activity Cost
21 Dancing $23
21 Swimming $50
34 Dancing $23
What happens if we change
55 Fencing $20 the price of Dancing?

StudentID Activity Activity Cost

21 Dancing Dancing $23
21 Swimming Swimming $50
34 Dancing Fencing $20
55 Fencing Football $30

What information do we lose if 55 What happens if we add

stops Fencing? activity football with cost $30
Normalization
• This process of moving from data that is not in a relational form, to a relation,
and finally to a set of ideal relations is known as normalisation.
Normalization Steps
• UNF – Un-normalized Form

• 1NF - First Normal Form

• 2NF - Second Normal Form

• 3NF - Third Normal Form

Normalization Steps
UNF - un-normalized form
• Identify repeating groups

1NF - First Normal Form

• Remove repeating group information.

2NF - Second Normal Form

• Remove partial key dependencies.

3NF - Third Normal Form

• Remove non-key dependencies.
Customer Order Sheet for Art Supply Shop
Customer Order Sheet for an Art Supplier
Customer Number: 37
Customer Name: Jagpal Singh
Customer Type Code: RC
Customer Type Description: Retail Customer

Item Number Item Name Supplier ID Price Supplier Name Quantity

099 Basic Paint Set S1 £3 Smith and Co 1
0100 Sable Brush Set S2 £3.50 Acro 1
0101 Extended Colour S1 £3.75 Smith and Co 3
Set
098 Metallic Paint Set S1 £3.99 Smith and Co 1
078 Mixed Brush Set S2 £3.99 Acro 2
Un-normalized Form (UNF)
• Identify repeating groups

UNF Level
Customer Number 1
Customer Name
Customer Type Code 1
Customer Type Description 1
Item Number 1
Item Name 2
Supplier ID 2
Price
Supplier Name 2
Quantity 2
2
2
First Normal Form (1NF)
• Remove repeating group information
UNF Level 1NF

Customer Number 1 Customer Number

Customer Name 1
Customer Type Code 1 Customer Name
Customer Type Description 1 Customer Type Code
Item Number 2 Customer Type Description
Item Name 2
Supplier ID 2
Price 2
Supplier Name 2 Customer Number*
Quantity 2
Item Number
Item Name
Supplier ID
Price
Supplier Name
Quantity
Second Normal Form (2NF)
• Remove partial key dependencies
1NF 2NF
Customer Number Customer Number
Customer Name Customer Name
Customer Type Code
Customer Type Description Customer Type Code
Customer Type Description

Customer Number*
Item Number Customer Number*
Item Name Item Number*
Supplier ID Quantity
Price
Supplier Name
Quantity Item Number
Item Name
Supplier ID
Price
Supplier Name
Customer Order Sheet for Art Supply Shop
Customer Number  Item Name

Customer Order Sheet for an Art Supplier Customer Number  Supplier ID

Customer Number: 37
Customer Name: Jagpal Singh Customer Number  Price
Customer Type Code: RC Customer Number  Supplier Name
Customer Type Description: Retail Customer
Customer Number  Quantity
Item Number Item Name Supplier ID Price Supplier Name Quantity
099 Basic Paint Set S1 £3 Smith and Co 1
Item Number  Item Name
0100 Sable Brush Set S2 £3.50 Acro 1
0101 Extended Colour S1 £3.75 Smith and Co 3 Item Number  Supplier ID
Set
098 Metallic Paint Set S1 £3.99 Smith and Co 1 Item Number  Price
078 Mixed Brush Set S2 £3.99 Acro 2
Item Number  Supplier Name

Customer Number, Item Number  Quantity

Third Normal Form (3NF) 2NF 3NF
• Remove non-key dependencies Customer Number Customer Number
Customer Name Customer Name
Customer Type Code Customer Type Code*
Customer Type Description
Customer Type Code
Customer Number* Customer Type Description
Item Number*
Quantity Customer Number*
Item Number*
Item Number
Item Name Quantity
Supplier ID
Price Item Number
Supplier Name Item Name
Price
Supplier ID*

Supplier ID
Supplier Name
Third Normal Form (3NF) to Deriving Entities
3NF
Customer Number Customer
Customer Name
Customer Type Code*

Customer Type Code 1 1…*

Customer Type Description CustomerType Customer CustomerItem

Customer Number* 1…* 1…*

Item Number*
Quantity CustomerItem
Item Number 1 1
Item Name
Price CustomerType Item
Supplier ID*
Item 1…*
Supplier ID
Supplier Name
1
Supplier Supplier
The Entity Relationship Diagram

1 1...* 1...* 1
Customer CustomerItem Item
1...* 1...*

1 1

CustomerType Supplier
Extended Example
• To be used throughout the course
• Lots of different documents might be examined e.g.

• Customer records
• Sales sheets
• Receipts and invoices
THANK YOU