Text-related CSS Properties

⬥ color – specifies the color of the text

⬥ font-size – size of font: xx-small, x-
small, small, medium, large, x-large, xx-
large, smaller, larger or numeric value
⬥ font-family – comma separated font names
⬩ Example: verdana, sans-serif, etc.
⬩ The browser loads the first one that is available
⬩ There should always be at least one generic font
⬥ font-weight can be normal, bold,
bolder, lighter or a number in range
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 CSS Rules for Fonts (2)
⬥font-style – styles the font
⬩ Values: normal, italic, oblique
⬥text-decoration – decorates the text
⬩ Values: none, underline, line-trough,
overline, blink
⬥text-align – defines the alignment of text or
other content
⬩ Values: left, right, center, justify

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 Shorthand Font Property
⬥font

⬩ Shorthand rule for setting multiple font

properties at the same time
font:italic normal bold 12px/16px
verdana

is equal to writing this:

font-style: italic;
font-variant: normal;
font-weight: bold;
font-size: 12px;
line-height: 16px;
font-family: verdana;
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 Backgrounds
⬥background-image

⬩ URL of image to be used as background, e.g.:

background-image:url("back.gif");

⬥background-color

⬩ Using color and image and the same time

⬥background-repeat

⬩ repeat-x, repeat-y, repeat, no-repeat

⬥background-attachment

⬩ fixed / scroll
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 Backgrounds (2)
⬥background-position: specifies vertical and
horizontal position of the background image
⬩ Vertical position: top, center, bottom
⬩ Horizontal position: left, center, right
⬩ Both can be specified in percentage or other
numerical values
⬩ Examples:
background-position: top left;

background-position: -5px 50%;

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 Background Shorthand Property
⬥ background: shorthand rule for setting
background properties at the same time:
background: #FFF0C0 url("back.gif") no-repeat
fixed top;

is equal to writing:
background-color: #FFF0C0;
background-image: url("back.gif");
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-attachment: fixed;
background-position: top;

⬩ Some browsers will not apply BOTH color and

image for background if using shorthand rule
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 Background-image or <img>?
⬥Background images allow you to save many
image tags from the HTML
⬩ Leads to less code
⬩ More content-oriented approach
⬥All images that are not part of
the page
content (and are used only for "beautification")
should be moved to the CSS

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 Borders
⬥border-width: thin, medium, thick or
numerical value (e.g. 10px)
⬥border-color: color alias or RGB value
⬥border-style: none, hidden, dotted,
dashed, solid, double, groove, ridge,
inset, outset
⬥Each property can be defined separately for
left, top, bottom and right
⬩ border-top-style, border-left-color,
…
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 Border Shorthand Property
⬥border: shorthand rule for setting border
properties at once:
border: 1px solid red

is equal to writing:
border-width:1px;
border-color:red;
border-style:solid;

⬥ Specify different borders for the sides

via
shorthand rules: border-top, border-left,
border-right, border-bottom
⬥When to avoid border:0 134
 Width and Height
⬥width – defines numerical value for the width
of element, e.g. 200px
⬥height – defines numerical value for the
height of element, e.g. 100px
⬩ By default the height of an element is defined
by its content
⬩ Inline elements do not apply height, unless you
change their display style.

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 Margin and Padding
⬥margin and padding define the
spacing around the element
⬩ Numerical value, e.g. 10px or -5px
⬩ Can be defined for each of the four sides
separately - margin-top, padding-left, …
⬩ margin is the spacing outside of the border
⬩ padding is the spacing between the border
and the content
⬩ What are collapsing margins?

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 Margin and Padding: Short Rules
⬥margin: 5px;
⬩ Sets all four sides to have margin of 5 px;
⬥margin: 10px 20px;
⬩ top and bottom to 10px, left and right to 20px;
⬥margin: 5px 3px 8px;
⬩ top 5px, left/right 3px, bottom 8px
⬥margin: 1px 3px 5px 7px;
⬩ top, right, bottom, left (clockwise from top)
⬥Same for padding
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The Box Model

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 IE Quirks Mode
⬥ When using quirks
mode (pages with no
DOCTYPE or with a
HTML 4 Transitional
DOCTYPE), Internet
Explorer violates the
box model standard

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 Positioning
⬥position: defines the positioning of the
element in the page content flow
⬥ The value is one of:
⬩ static (default)
⬩ relative – relative position according to
where the element would appear with static
position
⬩ absolute – position according to the
innermost positioned parent element
⬩ fixed – same as absolute, but ignores
page scrolling 15
 Positioning (2)
⬥Margin VS relative positioning
⬥ Fixed and absolutelypositioned elements do
not influence the page normal flow and usually
stay on top of other elements
⬩ Their position and size is ignored when
calculating the size of parent element or
position of surrounding elements
⬩ Overlaid according to their z-index
⬩ Inline fixed or absolutely positioned elements
can apply height like block-level elements
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 Positioning (3)
left, bottom, right: specifies offset of
⬥ top,
absolute/fixed/relative positioned element as
numerical values
⬥ z-index : specifies the stack level of
positioned elements
⬩ Understanding stacking context
Each positioned element creates a stacking
context.
Elements in different stacking contexts are
overlapped according to the stacking order of
their containers. For example, there is no way
for #A1 and #A2 (children of #A) to be
placed over #B without increasing the z-
index of #A. 17
 Inline element positioning
⬥ vertical-align: sets the vertical-alignment
of an inline element, according to the line
height
⬩ Values: baseline, sub, super, top, text-top,
middle, bottom, text-bottom or numeric
⬥ Also used for content of table cells (which apply
middle alignment by default)

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 Float
⬥float: the element “floats” to one side
⬩ left: places the element on the left and
following content on the right
⬩ right: places the element on the right and
following content on the left
⬩ floated elements should come before the
content that will wrap around them in the code
⬩ margins of floated elements do not collapse
⬩ floated inline elements can apply height

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 Float (2)
⬥How floated elements are positioned

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 Clear
⬥clear

⬩ Sets the sides of the element where other

floating elements are NOT allowed
⬩ Used to "drop" elements below floated ones or
expand a container, which contains only floated
children
⬩ Possible values: left, right, both
⬥ Clearing floats
⬩ additional element (<div>) with a clear style

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 Clear (2)
⬥ Clearing floats (continued)
⬩ :after { content: ""; display: block;
clear: both; height: 0; }
⬩ Triggering hasLayout in IE expands a container
of floated elements
⬩ display: inline-block;
⬩ zoom: 1;

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 Opacity
⬥opacity: specifies the opacity of the element

⬩ Floating point number from 0 to 1

⬩ For old Mozilla browsers use –moz-opacity
⬩ For IE use filter:alpha(opacity=value)
where value is from 0 to 100; also, "binary and
script behaviors" must be enabled and
hasLayout must be triggered, e.g. with
zoom:1

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 Visibility
⬥visibility

⬩ Determines whether the element is visible

⬩ hidden: element is not rendered, but still
occupies place on the page (similar to
opacity:0)
⬩ visible: element is rendered normally

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 Display
⬥display: controls the display of the element
and the way it is rendered and if breaks should
be placed before and after the element
⬩ inline: no breaks are placed before and after
(<span> is an inline element)
⬩ block: breaks are placed before AND
after the element (<div> is a block element)

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 Display (2)
⬥display: controls the display of the element
and the way it is rendered and if breaks should
be placed before and after the element
⬩ none: element is hidden and its dimensions are
not used to calculate the surrounding
elements rendering (differs from
visibility: hidden!)
⬩ There are some more possible values, but not
all browsers support them
⬩ Specific displays like table-cell and table-
row
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 Overflow
⬥ overflow: defines the behavior of element when
content needs more space than you have specified by
the size properties or for other reasons. Values:
⬩ visible (default) – content spills out of
the element
⬩ auto - show scrollbars if needed
⬩ scroll – always show scrollbars
⬩ hidden – any content that cannot fit is
clipped

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 Other CSS Properties
⬥ cursor: specifies the look of the mouse
cursor when placed over the element
⬩ Values: crosshair, help, pointer,
progress, move, hair, col-resize, row-
resize, text, wait, copy, drop, and others
⬥white-space – controls the line breaking of
text. Value is one of:
⬩ nowrap – keeps the text on one line
⬩ normal (default) – browser decides whether
to brake the lines if needed
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 Benefits of using CSS
⬥More powerful formatting than using
presentation tags
⬥Your pages load faster, because browsers
cache the .css files
⬥ Increased
accessibility, because rules can be
defined according given media
⬥Pages are easier to maintain and update

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 Maintenance Example

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 CSS Development Tools
⬥Visual Studio – CSS Editor

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 CSS Development Tools (3)
⬥ Firebug
– add-on to Firefox used to examine
and adjust CSS and HTML

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 CSS Development Tools (4)
⬥IE Developer Toolbar
– add-on to IE used to
examine CSS and HTML (press [F12])

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