Input/Output Organization 1

Overview

 Peripheral Devices

 Input-Output Interface

 Asynchronous Data Transfer

 Modes of Transfer

 Priority Interrupt

 Direct Memory Access

 Input-Output Processor

 Serial Communication
Input/Output Organization 2

Input Output Organization

– I/O Subsystem
• Provides an efficient mode of communication between the
central system and the outside environment

– Programs and data must be entered into computer memory for

processing and results obtained from computer must be
recorded and displayed to user.

– When input transferred via slow keyboard processor will be idle

most of the time waiting for information to arrive
– Magnetic tapes, disks
Input/Output Organization 3

Peripheral Devices
• Devices that are under direct control of computer are said to be
connected on-line.

• Input or output devices attached to the computer are also called

peripherals.

• There are three types of peripherals :

• Input peripherals
• Output peripherals
• Input-output peripherals

Peripheral (or I/O Device)

Monitor (Visual Output Device) : CRT, LCD
KeyBoard (Input Device) : light pen, mouse, touch screen, joy stick, digitizer
Printer (Hard Copy Device) : Daisy wheel, dot matrix and laser printer
Storage Device : Magnetic tape, magnetic disk, optical disk
Input/Output Organization 4

Peripheral Devices
Input Devices Output Devices
• Keyboard • Card Puncher, Paper Tape Puncher
• Optical input devices • CRT
- Card Reader • Printer (Daisy Wheel, Dot Matrix, Laser)
- Paper Tape Reader • Plotter
- Bar code reader
- Optical Mark Reader
• Magnetic Input Devices
- Magnetic Stripe Reader
• Screen Input Devices
- Touch Screen
- Light Pen
- Mouse
•
Input/Output Organization 5

Input Output Organization

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)

• I/O communications usually involves transfer of alphanumeric

information from the device and the computer.

• Standard binary code for alphanumeric character is ASCII

• ASCII Code :
• It uses 7 bits to code 128 characters (94 printable and 34 non printing)
• 7 bit - 00 - 7F ( 0 - 127 )

• ASCII is 7 bits but most computers manipulate 8 bit quantity as a

single unit called byte.
80 - FF ( 128 - 255 ) : Greek, Italic type font

•Three types of control characters: Format effectors, Information

separators and communication control
• Format Effectors: control the layout of printing.
They include familiar typewriter controls, such as
backspace (BS), horizontal tabulation(HT),
carriage return(CR).
• Information separators: used to separate data
into divisions like paragraphs and pages. They
include characters such as record separator (RS)
and file separator(FS).
• Communication Control characters: these are
useful during the transmission of text between
remote terminals. These include STX(Start of
text) and ETX(end of text)
Input/Output Organization 9

I/O Interface
• Provides a method for transferring information between internal
storage (such as memory and CPU registers) and external I/O
devices
• Resolves the differences between the computer and peripheral
devices
(1). Peripherals – Electromechanical or Electromagnetic Devices
CPU or Memory - Electronic Device
– Conversion of signal values required
(2). Data Transfer Rate
• Peripherals - Usually slower
• CPU or Memory - Usually faster than peripherals
– Some kinds of Synchronization mechanism may be needed

(3). Data formats or Unit of Information

• Peripherals – Byte, Block, …
• CPU or Memory – Word

(4). Operating modes of peripherals may differ

• must be controlled so that not to disturbed other peripherals connected to CPU
Input/Output Organization 10

I/O Bus and Interface

I/O bus
Data
Processor Address
Control

Interface Interface Interface Interface

Keyboard
and Printer Magnetic Magnetic
display disk tape
terminal

Interface :
- Decodes the device address (device code)
- Decodes the commands (operation)
- Provides signals for the peripheral controller
- Synchronizes the data flow and supervises
the transfer rate between peripheral and CPU or Memory

4 types of command interface can receive : control, status, data o/p and data i/p
Input/Output Organization 11

I/O Bus and Interface

•Control command : is issued to activate peripheral and to inform what to do

•Status command : used to test various status condition in the interface and
the peripherals

•data o/p command : causes the interface to respond by transferring data from
the bus into one of its registers

•data i/p command : interface receives an item of data from the peripheral and
places it in its buffer register.
Input/Output Organization 12

I/O Bus and Memory Bus

Functions of Buses

• MEMORY BUS is for information transfers between CPU and the MM

• I/O BUS is for information transfers between CPU and I/O devices
through their I/O interface

•3 ways to bus can communicate with memory and I/O :

(1). use two separate buses, one to communicate with memory and the
other with I/O interfaces
- Computer has independent set of data, address and control bus one
for
accessing memory and another I/O.
- done in computers that have separate IOP other than CPU.

(2). Use one common bus for memory and I/O but separate control lines
for each
(3). Use one common bus for memory and I/O with common control
lines for both
Input/Output Organization 13

Isolated vs. Memory Mapped I/O

Isolated I/O
- Many computers use common bus to transfer information between
memory or I/O.
- The distinction between memory transfer and I/O transfer is made
through separate read and write line.
-In the isolated I/O configuration , the CPU has distinct input and output
instructions and each of these instruction is associated with the
address of an interface register.
- Distinct input and output instructions -each associated with address of interface
register
Memory-mapped I/O
- A single set of read/write control lines
(no distinction between memory and I/O transfer)
- Memory and I/O addresses share the common address space
-> reduces memory address range available
- No specific input or output instruction
-> The same memory reference instructions can
be used for I/O transfers
- Considerable flexibility in handling I/O operations
Input/Output Organization 14

I/O Interface
Port A I/O data
Bidirectional register
Bus
data bus buffers
Port B I/O data
register

Internal bus
CPU
Chip select I/O
CS
Register select
Control Control Device
RS1 Timing
Register select register
RS0 and
I/O read Control
RD Status Status
I/O write
WR register

CS RS1 RS0 Register selected

0 x x None - data bus in high-impedence
1 0 0 Port A register
1 0 1 Port B register
1 1 0 Control register
1 1 1 Status register
Programmable Interface
- Information in each port can be assigned a meaning depending on the mode of operation of the
I/O device→ Port A = Data; Port B = Command;
- CPU initializes(loads) each port by transferring a byte to the Control Register
→ Allows CPU can define the mode of operation of each port
→ Programmable Port: By changing the bits in the control register, it is possible to change the
interface characteristics