Unit 5 Part 2

INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ITS APPLICATIONS
Code:19EAI232
Dr. Devarani Devi Ningombam,

Asst. Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
GITAM Institute of Technology,
GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam( AP), India
Email Id: [email protected] , M: 8837355608
MODULE V: ROADMAP
 Expert Systems:
 Introduction,
Knowledge Representation,
 Need and Justification of Expert System,
 Knowledge Acquisition and Variation,
 Utilization and Functionality
EXPERT SYSTEMS
 An expert system is an application of artificial intelligence.

 In artificial intelligence, expert systems are the computer programs that rely
on obtaining the knowledge of human experts and programming that
knowledge into a system.
 Expert systems emulate the decision-making ability of human experts.
 These systems are designed to solve the complex problem through bodies of
knowledge rather than conventional procedural code.
 One of the examples of an expert system is a Suggestion for the spelling
error while typing in the Google search box.
CHARACTERISTICS
Following are some characteristics of expert systems:

 High Performance: The expert system provides high performance for
solving any type of complex problem of a specific domain with high
efficiency and accuracy.
 Understandable: It responds in a way that can be easily understandable
by the user. It can take input in human language and provides the output in the
same way.
 Reliable: It is much reliable for generating an efficient and accurate output.
 Highly responsive: ES provides the result for any complex query within a
very short period of time.
HOW DOES AN EXPERT SYSTEM WORKS?
 The performance of an expert system is based on the expert's knowledge
stored in its knowledge base.
 The more knowledge stored in the KB, the more that system improves its
performance.
 One of the common examples of an ES is a suggestion of spelling errors
while typing in the Google search box.
Note: It is important to remember that an expert system is not used to replace
the human experts; instead, it is used to assist the human in making a complex
decision. These systems do not have human capabilities of thinking and work
on the basis of the knowledge base of the particular domain.
HOW DOES AN EXPERT SYSTEM WORKS?
POPULAR EXAMPLES OF THE EXPERT SYSTEM
 DENDRAL: It was an artificial intelligence project that was made as a

chemical analysis expert system used to detect unknown organic
molecules.
 MYCIN: It was one of the earliest backward chaining expert systems
used for the recommendation of antibiotics and the diagnosis of blood
clotting diseases.
 PXDES: It is an expert system that is used to determine the type and level
of lung cancer. To determine the disease, it takes a picture from the upper
body, which looks like the shadow. This shadow identifies the type and
degree of harm.
 CaDeT: The CaDet expert system is a diagnostic support system that can
detect cancer at early stages.
COMPONENTS OF EXPERT SYSTEM
1. User Interface
2. Inference Engine
3. Knowledge Base
1. USER INTERFACE
 With the help of a user interface, the expert system interacts with the
user, takes queries as an input in a readable format, and passes it to
the inference engine.
 After getting the response from the inference engine, it displays the
output to the user.
 In other words, it is an interface that helps a non-expert user to
communicate with the expert system to find a solution.
2. INFERENCE ENGINE (RULES OF ENGINE)
 The inference engine is known as the brain of the expert system as it is

the main processing unit of the system.
 It applies inference rules to the knowledge base to derive a conclusion
or deduce new information.
 It helps in deriving an error-free solution of queries asked by the user.
 With the help of an inference engine, the system extracts the
knowledge from the knowledge base.
TYPES OF INFERENCE ENGINE
 There are two types of inference engine:

1. Deterministic Inference engine: The conclusions drawn from this
type of inference engine are assumed to be true. It is based on facts
and rules.
2.Probabilistic Inference engine: This type of inference engine
contains uncertainty in conclusions, and based on the probability.
3. KNOWLEDGE BASE
 The knowledgebase is a type of storage that stores knowledge acquired
from the different experts of the particular domain.
 It is considered as big storage of knowledge.
 The more the knowledge base, the more precise will be the Expert
System.
 It is similar to a database that contains information and rules of a
particular domain or subject.
 One can also view the knowledge base as collections of objects and
their attributes.
 Such as a Lion is an object and its attributes are it is a mammal, it is
not a domestic animal, etc.
3. KNOWLEDGE BASE
 Components of Knowledge Base
1. Factual Knowledge: The knowledge which is based on facts and
accepted by knowledge engineers comes under factual knowledge.
2. Heuristic Knowledge: This knowledge is based on practice, the
ability to guess, evaluation, and experiences.
HOW TO DEVELOP AN EXPERT SYSTEM?
We will explain the working of an expert system by taking an example of MYCIN. Below are
some steps to build an MYCIN:
a) Firstly, ES should be fed with expert knowledge. In the case of MYCIN, human experts
specialized in the medical field of bacterial infection, provide information about the causes,
symptoms, and other knowledge in that domain.
b) The KB of the MYCIN is updated successfully. In order to test it, the doctor provides a
new problem to it. The problem is to identify the presence of the bacteria by inputting the
details of a patient, including the symptoms, current condition, and medical history.
c) The ES will need a questionnaire to be filled by the patient to know the general
information about the patient, such as gender, age, etc.
d) Now the system has collected all the information, so it will find the solution for the
problem by applying if-then rules using the inference engine and using the facts stored
within the KB.
e) In the end, it will provide a response to the patient by using the user interface.
PARTICIPANTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF EXPERT
SYSTEM
There are three primary participants in the building of Expert System:

1. Expert: The success of an ES much depends on the knowledge provided by
human experts. These experts are those persons who are specialized in that
specific domain.
2. Knowledge Engineer: Knowledge engineer is the person who gathers the
knowledge from the domain experts and then codifies that knowledge to the
system according to the formalism.
3. End-User: This is a particular person or a group of people who may not be
experts, and working on the expert system needs the solution or advice for his
queries, which are complex.
WHY EXPERT SYSTEM?
WHY EXPERT SYSTEMS?
1. No memory Limitations: It can store as much data as required and can
memorize it at the time of its application. But for human experts, there are some
limitations to memorize all things at every time.
2. High Efficiency: If the knowledge base is updated with the correct knowledge,
then it provides a highly efficient output, which may not be possible for a human.
3. Expertise in a domain: There are lots of human experts in each domain, and
they all have different skills, different experiences, and different skills, so it is not
easy to get a final output for the query.
But if we put the knowledge gained from human experts into the expert system,
then it provides an efficient output by mixing all the facts and knowledge.
WHY EXPERT SYSTEMS?
4. Not affected by emotions: These systems are not affected by human emotions
such as fatigue, anger, depression, anxiety, etc.. Hence the performance remains
constant.
5. High security: These systems provide high security to resolve any query.
6. Considers all the facts: To respond to any query, it checks and considers all the
available facts and provides the result accordingly. But it is possible that a human
expert may not consider some facts due to any reason.
7. Regular updates improve the performance: If there is an issue in the result
provided by the expert systems, we can improve the performance of the system by
updating the knowledge base.
CAPABILITIES OF THE EXPERT SYSTEM
1. Advising: It is capable of advising the human being for the query of any domain
from the particular ES.
2. Provide decision-making capabilities: It provides the capability of decision
making in any domain, such as for making any financial decision, decisions in
medical science, etc.
3. Demonstrate a device
4. Problem-solving: It has problem-solving capabilities.
5. Explaining a problem: It is also capable of providing a detailed description of an
input problem.
6. Interpreting the input: It is capable of interpreting the input given by the user.
7. Predicting results: It can be used for the prediction of a result.
8. Diagnosis
ADVANTAGES OF EXPERT SYSTEM
1. These systems are highly reproducible.

2. They can be used for risky places where the human presence is not safe.
3. Error possibilities are less if the KB contains correct knowledge.
4. The performance of these systems remains steady as it is not affected by
emotions, tension, or fatigue.
5. They provide a very high speed to respond to a particular query.
LIMITATIONS OF EXPERT SYSTEM
1. The response of the expert system may get wrong if the knowledge base
contains the wrong information.
2. Like a human being, it cannot produce a creative output for different scenarios.
3. Its maintenance and development costs are very high.
4. Knowledge acquisition for designing is much difficult.
5. For each domain, we require a specific ES, which is one of the big limitations.
6. It cannot learn from itself and hence requires manual updates.
APPLICATIONS OF EXPERT SYSTEM
1. In designing and manufacturing domain

2. In the knowledge domain
3. In the finance domain
4. In the diagnosis and troubleshooting of devices
5. Planning and Scheduling

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INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Dr. Devarani Devi Ningombam,

 An expert system is an application of artificial intelligence.

Following are some characteristics of expert systems:

 DENDRAL: It was an artificial intelligence project that was made as a

 The inference engine is known as the brain of the expert system as it is

 There are two types of inference engine:

There are three primary participants in the building of Expert System:

1. These systems are highly reproducible.

1. In designing and manufacturing domain

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