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SAMPLING

The document discusses different types of sampling methods including probability sampling methods like simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster sampling, and systematic random sampling. It also discusses non-probability sampling methods like convenience sampling, quota sampling, judgement sampling, snowball sampling, and self-selection sampling. The document explains how to reduce sampling errors and discusses non-sampling errors.

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Sonali Dakhore
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40 views38 pages

SAMPLING

The document discusses different types of sampling methods including probability sampling methods like simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster sampling, and systematic random sampling. It also discusses non-probability sampling methods like convenience sampling, quota sampling, judgement sampling, snowball sampling, and self-selection sampling. The document explains how to reduce sampling errors and discusses non-sampling errors.

Uploaded by

Sonali Dakhore
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SAMPLING

By: Mrs. Sudershna P. Lal


Asst. Prof
Sampling

Sampling is the process of selecting


observations (a sample) to provide an
adequate description and inferences of
the population.
It is a unit that is selected from
population.
Represents the whole population.
Why Sample???
What you want to talk about
What you actually observe in the data
Population
Sampling Frame : Sampling Frame is
Listing of population from which a
sample is chosen
Sampling Process
Inference Sample
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
SIMPLE RANDOM
SAMPLING:
Allsubsets of the frame are given an
equal probability.
Random number generators
Advantages:
Minimal knowledge of population needed
Easy to analyze data

Disadvantages:
Low frequency of use
Does not use researchers’ expertise
Larger risk of random error
Stratified Random Sampling:
 Population is divided into two or more groups called strata

 Subsamples are randomly selected from each strata

 Advantages:
1. Assures representation of all groups in sample population
2. Characteristics of each stratum can be estimated and
comparisons made

 Disadvantages:
1. Requires accurate information on proportions of each
stratum
2. Stratified lists costly to prepare
Cluster Sampling:
The population is divided into subgroups (clusters)
like families. A simple random sample is taken
from each cluster
Advantages:
Can estimate characteristics of both cluster and
population
Disadvantages:
The cost to reach an element to sample is very high.
Each stage in cluster sampling introduces sampling
error—the more stages there are, the more error
there tends to be.
Systematic Random Sampling:
Order all units in the sampling frame
Then every nth number on the list is selected
 N= Sampling Interval

Advantages:
1. Moderate cost; moderate usage
2. Simple to draw sample
3. Easy to verify
Disadvantages:
4. Periodic ordering required
MULTISTAGE SAMPLING
Carried out in stages
Using smaller and smaller sampling units at each
stage.
Advantages:
More Accurate
More Effective
Disadvantages:
Costly
Each stage in sampling introduces sampling error—the
more stages there are, the more error there tends to be
NON PROBABILITY SAMPLES
NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING
The probability of each case being selected
from the total population is not known.
Units of the sample are chosen on the basis
of personal judgment or convenience.
There are NO statistical techniques for
measuring random sampling error in a non-
probability sample.
NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING
A. Convenience Sampling
B. Quota Sampling
C. Judgmental Sampling (Purposive
Sampling)
D. Snowball sampling
E. Self-selection sampling
Convenience sampling
Convenience sampling involves choosing
respondents at the convenience of the researcher.
Advantages :
Very low cost
Extensively used/understood
Disadvantages:
Variability and bias cannot be measured or
controlled
Projecting data beyond sample not justified
Restriction of Generalization.
QUOTA SAMPLING
 The population is first segmented into mutually
exclusive sub-groups, just as in stratified sampling.
Advantages :
 Used when research budget is limited
 Very extensively used/understood
 No need for list of population elements

Disadvantages :
 Variability and bias cannot be measured/controlled
 Time Consuming
 Projecting data beyond sample not justified
JUDGEMENTAL SAMPLING
Researcher employs his or her own
"expert” judgment about.
Advantages :
There is a assurance of Quality response
Meet the specific objective.
Disadvantages :
Bias in selection of sample may occur
Time consuming process.
SNOWBALL SAMPLING
The research starts with a key person and
introduce the next one to become a chain .
Advantages
 Low cost
 Useful in specific circumstances & for
locating rare populations
Disadvantages
Not independent
Projecting data beyond sample not justified
SELF-SELECTION SAMPLING
 Itoccurs when you allow each case usually
individuals, to identify their desire to take part
in the research.
Advantages:
 More accurate
 Useful in specific circumstances to serve the
purpose.
Disadvantages:
 More costly due to Advertizing
Mass are left
SAMPLING ERRORS
SAMPLING ERRORS
The errors which arise due to the use of
sampling surveys are known as the
sampling errors.
Two types of sampling errors :

a. Biased Errors- Due to selection of


sampling techniques; size of the sample.
b. Unbiased Errors / Random sampling errors
Differences between the members of the
population included or not included
Methods of reducing sampling errors
Specific problem selection.
Systematic documentation of related
research.
Effective enumeration.
Effective pre testing.
Controlling methodological bias.
Selection of appropriate sampling
techniques.
NON-SAMPLING ERRORS
 Non-sampling errors refers to biases and mistakes
in selection of sample.
 CAUSES FOR NON-SAMPLING ERRORS
Sampling operations
Inadequate of response
Misunderstanding the concept
Lack of knowledge
Concealment of the truth.
Loaded questions
Processing errors
Sample size

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