Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

Course Outcome Will be covered in

this lecture

CO1: To make student learn all

core subjects of respective
engineering background

2
 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)
Contents of the Syllabus

Unit-1 Data Base Management Systems Contact Hours:4

CHAPTER Introduction and applications of DBMS, Purpose of data base, Data, Independence,
1.1
Database System architecture- levels.

CHAPTER Structure of relational databases, Domains, Relations, Relational algebra – fundamental

1.2
operators and syntax, relational algebra queries, tuple relational calculus.

CHAPTER Basic concepts, Design process, constraints, Keys, Design issues, E-R diagrams, weak
1.3
entity sets, extended E-R features – generalization, specialization, aggregation, reduction
to E-R database schema

CHAPTER Functional Dependency – definition, trivial and non-trivial FD, closure of FD set, closure of
1.4
attributes, irreducible set of FD, Normalization – 1Nf, 2NF, 3NF, Decomposition using FD-
dependency preservation, BCNF, Multi- valued dependency, 4NF, Join dependency and
5NF

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 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)
Contents of the Syllabus

Unit-2 Structured Query Language Contact Hours:4

CHAPTER 2.1 Basics of SQL, DDL, DML, DCL, structure – creation, alteration, defining constraints –
Primary key, foreign key, unique, not null, check, IN operator,

Functions - aggregate functions, Built-in functions –numeric, date, string functions, set
operations, sub-queries, correlated sub-queries, use of group by, having, order by, join
and its types, Exist, Any, All, view and its types. transaction control commands – Commit,
Rollback, Save point

CHAPTER 2.2 Cursors, Stored Procedures, Stored Function, Database Triggers

Unit-3 Views , Packages and procedures , triggers, Transection Contact Hours:4

management and concurrency control.

CHAPTER 3.1 Package, Procedures and Triggers: Parts of procedures, Parameter modes, Advantages of
procedures, Syntax for creating triggers, Types of triggers, package specification and package
body, developing a package, Bodiless package, Advantages of packages.

4
 Contents of the Syllabus

CHAPTER 3.2

Transaction Management and Concurrency Control: Introduction to Transaction Processing, Properties of

Transactions, Serializability and Recoverability, Need for Concurrency Control, Locking Techniques,
Time Stamping Methods, Optimistic Techniques, Granularity of Data items, Database Recovery of
database: Introduction, Need for Recovery, Types of errors, Recovery Techniques.
 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

OBJECTIVES
At the completion of this Chapter , students should be able
to do the following:
• Understand the role of a database
management system in an organization.
• Understand basic database concepts, including the
structure and operation of the relational data model.

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 Department of Computer Science and Engineering
(CSE)
File system vs. Database
system
File System-
• Data storage traditionally used individual, unrelated files,
sometimes
called flat files.
• In the past, each application program in an organization used
its own file.
• In a university, for example, each department might have its
own set of files: the record office kept a file about the student
information and their grades, the scheduling office kept the
name of the professors and the courses they were teaching,
the payroll department kept its own file about the whole staff
and so on.
• Today, however, all of these flat files can be combined in a
single entity; the database
University for the
Institute ofwhole university
Engineering
 Department of Computer Science and Engineering
(CSE)

Information
Data vs.

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 Department of Computer Science and Engineering
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Database Management System
• (DBMS)
The related information when placed is an organized form
makes a database.
• The organization of data/information is necessary because
unorganized information has no meaning.
• Collection of interrelated data
• Set of programs to access the data
• DBMS contains information about a particular enterprise
• DBMS provides an environment that is both convenient and efficient
to use.
• Database Applications:
– Banking: all transactions
– Airlines: reservations, schedules
– Universities: registration, grades
– Sales: customers, products, purchases
– Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain
– Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax deductions
• Databases touchUniversity
all aspectsInstitute
of our lives
of Engineering
 Department of Computer Science and Engineering
(CSE)
Purpose of Database
System
• In the early days, database applications were built on top of
file systems
• Drawbacks of using file systems to store data:
– Data redundancy and inconsistency
• Multiple file formats, duplication of information in different files
– Difficulty in accessing data
• Need to write a new program to carry out each new task
– Data isolation — multiple files and formats
– Integrity problems
• Integrity constraints provide a way of ensuring that changes
made to the database by authorized users do not result in a
loss of data consistency.
• Hard to add new constraints or change existing ones

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 Department of Computer Science and Engineering
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Purpose of Database
System
• Drawbacks of using file systems (cont.)
– Atomicity of updates
• Failures may leave database in an inconsistent state with
partial updates carried out
• E.g. transfer of funds from one account to another should
either
complete or not happen at all
– Concurrent access by multiple users
• Concurrent accessed needed for performance
• Uncontrolled concurrent accesses can lead to
inconsistencies
– E.g. two people reading a balance and updating it at the same
time
– Security problems
• Database systems offer solutions to all the above
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 Department of Computer Science and Engineering
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Disadvantages of Traditional File

system
• Data Redundancy
Since each application has its own data file, the
same data may have to be recorded and stored in
many files
For example-
Personal file and payroll file, both contain data on
employee name, designation etc. The result is
unnecessary duplicate or redundant data items. This
redundancy requires additional or higher storage
space, costs extra time and money, and requires
additional efforts to keep all files upto-date.

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 Department of Computer Science and Engineering
(CSE)

Disadvantages of Traditional File

system
• Data Inconsistency
Data redundancy leads to data inconsistency especially when
data is to be updated. Data inconsistency occurs due to the
same data items that appear in more than one file do not get
updated simultaneously in each and every file.
• Lack of Data Integration
• Data Dependence
• Limited Data Sharing
• Poor Data Control
• Problem of Security
• Data Manipulation Capability is Inadequate

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 Department of Computer Science and Engineering
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Operations on
Databases

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 Department of Computer Science and Engineering
(CSE)
Advantages of
Databases
• Less redundancy
– In a flat-file system there is a lot of redundancy. For
example, in the flat file system for a university, the names
of professors and students are stored in more than one
file.
• Inconsistency avoidance
When the same data is duplicated and changes are made
at one site, which is not propagated to the other site, it
gives rise to inconsistency and the two entries regarding
the same data will not agree.
– If the same piece of information is stored in more than
one place, then any changes in the data need to occur
in all places that data is stored.
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 Department of Computer Science and Engineering
(CSE)
Advantages of
Databases
• Efficiency
– A database is usually more efficient that a flat file
system,
because a piece of information is stored in fewer
locations.
• Data integrity
• Integrity of data means that data in database is always
accurate, such that incorrect information cannot be stored
in database.
– In a database system it is easier to maintain data
integrity, because a piece of data is stored in fewer
locations.
• Confidentiality
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 Department of Computer Science and Engineering
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Advantages of
Databases
• Data can be shared
• Providing Backup and Recovery
• Standards can be enforced
• Restricting unauthorized access
• Solving enterprise requirement than
individual requirement

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 Department of Computer Science and Engineering
(CSE)

Disadvantages of
DBMS
• Complexity
• Size
• Performance
• Higher impact of a
failure
• Cost of DBMS
• Additional Hardware
costs
• Cost of Conversion

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 Department of Computer Science and Engineering
(CSE)

Use a DBMS when this Do not use a DBMS

is important
when
• persistent storage of data • the initial investment in
• centralized control of data hardware, software, and
training is too high
• control of redundancy
• the generality a DBMS
• control of consistency
provides is not needed
and integrity
• the overhead for security,
• multiple user support
concurrency control, and
• sharing of data recovery is too high
• data documentation • data and applications are
• data independence simple and stable
• control of access and • real-time requirements cannot
security be met by it
• backup and recovery • multiple user access is not
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 Department of Computer Science and Engineering
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File Database
e.g. COBOL or
Management Management
C++ e.g. Oracle
• Large systems
Program
• Small systems • Relatively Expensive
• Relatively Cheap • Many Files
• Few Files • Files are Tables
• Files are Files • Complex Structure
• Simple Structure • Reduced Redundancy
• Redundant Data • Consistent
• Chances of Inconsistency • Data can be Shared
• Isolated Data • Vast Preliminary Design
• Little Preliminary Design • Rigorous inbuilt
Integrity checking
• Integrity Left to
application Programmer • Rigorous Security
• NO Security • Complex &
Sophisticated
• Simple, backup/Recovery
Primitive • Multiple Users
backup/Recover
y
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 Department of Computer Science and Engineering
(CSE)
BASIC DEFINITIONS

⮚Database: A collection of related data.

⮚Data: Known facts that can be recorded and have an implicit
meaning.
⮚Database Management System (DBMS): A software package/
system to facilitate the creation and maintenance of a computerized
database.
⮚Database System: The DBMS software together with the data
itself. Sometimes, the applications are also included.
 Department of Computer Science and Engineering
(CSE)

Outcomes
• Differentiate database systems from file systems by
enumerating the features provided by database
systems and describe each in both function and
benefit.
• Define the terminology, features, classifications, and
characteristics embodied in database systems.
• Master the basic concepts and appreciate the
applications of database systems.

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 Department of Computer Science and Engineering
(CSE)

References
• Database System Concepts by Abraham
Silberschatz (McGraw-Hill
• Database System Concepts by
Sudarshan, Korth Education)

• Fundamentals of Database System By

Elmasari &Navathe- Pearson Education
• http://ecomputernotes.com/database-system/rdbms
• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-rdbms-concepts.htm
• https://www.studytonight.com/dbms/rdbms-concept

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 Department of Computer Science and Engineering
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University Institute of Engineering

(UIE)