Data

Communication

Dr R. Singh
CS & IT, MJPRU, Bareilly
[email protected]

Dean, FET, [email protected]

Registrar, [email protected]
Five components of data communication

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human protocols: network protocols:
 “what’s the time?”  machines rather than
 “I have a question” humans
 introductions
 all communication
activity in Internet
governed by protocols
… specific msgs sent
… specific actions
protocols define format, order
taken when msgs
received, or other of msgs sent and received
events among network entities,
and actions taken on msg
transmission, receipt

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 What’s a protocol?
a human protocol and a computer network protocol:

Hi
TCP connection
request
Hi
TCP connection
response
Got the
time? Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross
2:00
<file>

time
Q: other human protocols?

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Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)

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 Various types of Signals
• Analog and digital
• Aperiodic and periodic signals
• Analog signals
• Digital Signals

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 Analog signals are continuous electrical signals.
 Analog signals is a continuous wave from that
changes smoothly over time.
 Analog signal is usually represented by sine
wave.

 For e.g. Analog data is the human voice. When

somebody speaks, a continuous wave is created in the
air. This can be captured by a microphone and
converted to an analog signal.

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 Best suited for the transmission of audio
and video.

 Consume less bandwidth than digital

signals to carry the same information.

 Analog signal is less susceptible to noise.

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 Digital signals are non-continuous, they
change in individual steps.

 They consist of pulses or digits with discrete

levels or values.

 In digital signals 1 is represented by having

a positive voltage and 0 is represented by
having no voltage or zero voltage.

 All the signals generated by computers and

other digital devices are digital in nature.

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 For example: Data stored in the memory of a
computer in the form of 0s and 1s. It is usually
converted to a digital signal when it is
transferred from one position to another inside
or outside the computer.

 Bit rate : The bit rate represents the number of

bits sent per second.

 Baud rate: the baud rate defines the number of

signal elements per second in the signal.
Depending on the encoding technique used,
baud rate may be more than or less than the
data rate.
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 Best suited for the transmission of digital data.

 Digital data can be easily compressed.

 Digital information can be encrypted.

 Provides better clarity because all signals must be

either 1s or 0s.

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Transformation of Information
to Signals

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Analog and Digital Clocks

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Analog and Digital Signals

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 Signal which completes a pattern within a
measurable time frame called a Period, and
repeats that pattern over identical subsequent
periods.

Period: Amount of time (in sec) required to

complete one full Cycle. Duration of a period
represented by T, may be different for each
signal, but constant for any given periodic
signal.

Cycle: The completion of one full pattern is

called a Cycle.

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 Sine Wave
An periodic signal can be decomposed into an
infinite number of periodic signals. A Sine Wave is
the simplest periodic signal.

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 Frequency is the rate of change with respect to
time.
 Change in a short span of time means high
frequency.
 Change over a long span of time means low
frequency.

◦ If a signal does not change at all, its frequency is zero.

◦ If a signal changes instantaneously, its frequency is

infinite.

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 The term phase describes the position of the
waveform relative to time zero.

 Phase describes the position of the waveform

relative to time zero.

 Phase is measured in degree of radians.

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 Wavelength is another characteristic of a signal
travelling through a transmission medium.

 Wavelength binds the period or the frequency of

a simple sine wave to the propagation speed of
the medium.

 While the frequency of a signal is independent of

the medium, the wavelength depends on both
the frequency and the medium.

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Figure 5.15 Types of analog-to-analog modulation

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 A carrier signal is modulated only in amplitude
value
 The modulating signal is the envelope of the
carrier
 The required bandwidth is 2B, where B is the
bandwidth of the modulating signal
 Since on both sides of the carrier freq. fc, the
spectrum is identical, we can discard one half,
thus requiring a smaller bandwidth for
transmission.

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Amplitude modulation

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 The modulating signal changes the freq. fc
of the carrier signal
 The bandwidth for FM is high
 It is approx. 10x the signal frequency

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Frequency modulation

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 The modulating signal only changes the phase
of the carrier signal.
 The phase change manifests itself as a
frequency change but the instantaneous
frequency change is proportional to the
derivative of the amplitude.
 The bandwidth is higher than for AM.

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Phase modulation

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◦ 1. Computer Networks (Books and Slides)— Andrew S Tanenbaum, 4th Edition. Pearson,
Education/PHI Publication
◦ 2. Data Communications and Networking (Books and Slides) – Behrouz A. Forouzan. Third, Edition
TMH Publication
◦ 3. An Engineering Approach to Computer Networks (Books and Slides)-S. Keshav, 2nd Edition,
Pearson Education Publication
◦ 4. Understanding communications and Networks, 3rd Edition, (Books and Slides) W.A. Shay,
Thomson Publication
◦ 5. Data Networks, (Books and Slides) D. Bertsekas and R Gallager, PHI Publication.
◦ 6. Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach, 6th Edition, James Kurose, Keith W. Ross, Pearson
Education Publication
◦ 7. W. Stallings, Data and Computer Communication, Pearson education (Books and Slides).

• http://www.ietf.org
• http://www.tcpipguide.comhttp://en.wikipedia.org
• www.eazynotes.com
• Power point slides by J.F. Kurose, K.W. Ross,
https://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross/ppt.htm
• http://www.engppt.com/2009/12/networking-fourozan-ppt-slides.html