Good day, Angeleneans!

Pax et Venia a Deo!

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What kind of information have you
searched and eventually used recently?

How did you evaluate your source/s?

Which platform helped you with your

task?
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 In their book, Wilbert McKeachie and Marilla Svinicki
described four types of challenging students. The first type is
the attention-seeking, discussion-dominating students. The
aim of these students is just to be heard. The second type is
the inattentive students. These are the students who doodle
and drift off into their own thoughts during class discussion.
They often stare at their cellphones and chat with their
classmates during lectures. We also have the unprepared
students. These are the ones who skip doing their
assignments prior to the class. They do not come to class
equipped, even when they are aware of scheduled quizzes and
exams. The last type of challenging students are the uncivil
and disrespectful ones. They are the students who display
rude behavior.
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What is the main idea of the paragraph?

What are the details that support the main

idea?

Were you able to follow the ideas easily?

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 There are many kinds of unusual plants.
Cactuses, for instance, can survive in the great
heat of the desert sun at noon and in the bitter
cold of the desert at night. Instead of regular
leaves, they have needles that serve as a defense
against hungry animals. Their stems are full of
hollow cells that store enough water to last for
months. These features make the cactus a
remarkable plant, able to live in one of nature’s
harshest environments.

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 What is the main idea of the paragraph?

What is the topic sentence in the paragraph?

What are the supporting details?

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 Patterns of
Development

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 1. Definition
-helps clarify and explain concepts by answering the
question, “What does it mean?”

Signal Words:
is defined as, means, as defined as, refers to, to
define, to illustrate

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 3 Things Needed for Formal Definition
a. Term
b. Genus/class- to which the term belongs
c. Characteristics- details about the term that
distinguish it from the other members of the class.

Example:
Influenza is an acute highly contagious infection of the
respiratory tract which occurs sporadically or in
epidemics and that lasts up to a month.

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 2. Exemplification
-provides specific and concrete examples to expound
on the main idea.

Signal words:
for example, for instance, that is, to illustrate, thus,
such as, including, typically, an illustration

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Example:
While the internet offers so many benefits to man,
it also has its downsides. One of these is phishing.
Phishing refers to the act of obtaining personal
information, such as passwords and credit card details
through online means. As an example, a man was sent
an email stating that his Gmail account has been
compromised and he needed to click a link to update his
personal information. If he clicks the link, all his details
will be illegally acquired by cybercriminals.

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 3. Description
-provides details on the idea by using either a
sensory or a spatial pattern.

Signal words:
above, across, along, appears to be, as in, behind,
below, beside, between, down, in back of, in front
of, looks like, near, on top of, onto, outside, over,
such as, to the right/left, under
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 Piranhas are freshwater fish which are mostly
known for their single row of sharp, triangular teeth
in both jaws. Piranhas’ teeth come together in a
scissor-like bite and are used for puncture and tearing.
Baby piranhas are small, about the size of a
thumbnail, but full-grown piranha grow up to about
6-10 inches, and some individual fish up to 2 feet long
have been found. The many species of piranha vary in
color, though most are either silvery with an orange
underbelly and throat or almost entirely black.

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 4. Chronology/Procedure
-organizes ideas or events according to
time
-most essential parts are the main idea,
major dates and events such as final
outcomes, major stages and order of
presentation.
-can be in the form of narration or a process

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Signal words for chronology:
after, afterward, as soon as, at last, at that time,
before, during, eventually, finally, first, second,
following, formerly, immediately, in/on (date), last,
later, next, now, meanwhile, shortly, since, then,
until, when
Signal words for procedure:
accordingly, after that, begins, following steps, how
to, in the process of, series, sequence, stages, then,
first, second, third, next, last, finally

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 Examples:
A narration sequences events in the order in which they
occurred in time.

My son, Jared, auditioned for a role in their school

play last Friday. As soon as he got home, he practiced the
lines in front of the mirror. He then watched videos of
Peter Pan to study the character’s movements. When
Jared came home this afternoon, there was a glow of
excitement in his eyes. I asked him how the auditioned
went. He said, “I was chosen to clap and cheer!”

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 A process organizes details based on stages
or steps.
How to Cook Pancakes

First, you prepare all the ingredients needed. Next,

you measure out the ingredients. Then, mix all the
ingredients together. After that, cook a small amount of
batter on a pre-heated frying pan. Once brown on the
bottom, flip the pancake over. Finally, put the pancake
on a plate and add your favorite toppings.
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 5. Listing
-organizes ideas using enumeration.
-does not require the items to be sequenced
chronologically.
-presents a series of items (facts, examples,
features, reasons, tips) that support the main idea.

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Signal words:
also, and, another, a number of, as well as, too,
besides, first, for example, for instance, furthermore,
in addition, in fact, largest, least, moreover, most
important, one, plus, second, several, the following

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Example:
Picking the right career is such a daunting
task. Would you choose the profession you love or
would you choose a more lucrative profession? Here are
some tips to help you choose the right career. Identify
your interest and then, try to process as well your
reason for choosing a particular career. You can also
factor in the financial component during this stage.
Another thing is to focus on and learn everything about
your chosen career. In addition, try to visualize
yourself five or ten years from now and develop a plan
to achieve your goal.
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6. Comparison and Contrast
-how events, places, people, things and concepts
are similar or different from each other
-may be arranged separately or side-by-side

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Signal words:
(Comparison) also, as well as, both,
correspondingly, compared to, in comparison, in
the same way, just as, like, likewise, resembles,
share, similarly, the same as, too

(Contrast) although, as opposed to, but, despite,

differs from, even though, however, instead,
nevertheless, on the contrary, on the other hand,
in contrast, instead, in spite of, unlike, whereas,
while, yet
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Example:

"Immigrants in Canada are . . . more culturally similar to the native

population than immigrant groups in other nations. Canadian immigrants
nationalize at very high rates. They participate in the labor force at
rates similar to the native population; their unemployment is lower; their
occupational prestige is similar; and their income is the same as the native
population."
(J.P. Lynch and R.J. Simon, Immigration the World Over. Rowman &
Littlefield, 2003)

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 7. Classification and Division
-organizes ideas into categories or divisions based
on criteria and standards.
-take note of the superordinate ideas (larger
group), the subordinate ideas, and the relationship
between them.

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 Signal words: categories, classified as, classes,
classifications, comprises, composed of, different
stages of, divisions, elements, features, groups,
includes, kinds, types, varieties, ways

Example: Division

“There are three main problems associated with

living across from a high school: noise, trash, and
traffic congestion."

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Example: Classification

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 8. Cause and Effect
– organizes details based on the reason and
the result of a certain phenomenon.
Signal words
Causes: because, causes, creates, due to, for this
reason, if this…then, leads to, on account of,
produces, since, this
Effects: as a result, consequently, hence, in effect,
resulting, since, therefore, thus
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Take note of the following elements:

a. The purpose of the text

b. Relationship between causes and effects

c. Potential causal fallacies (a false or

mistaken idea) or illogical (unreasonable)
arguments.

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 Is this thesis statement correct?

"There are several causes and

effects for the uprising number of
fatalities during the pandemic. "

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 How are we going to correct the given thesis
statement?

“Misinformation and lack of professional medical

assistance are some of the causes of the uprising
number of fatalities during the pandemic.”
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 9. Problem- Solution
-organizes ideas into problems and proposed
solutions.
-a problem-solution map may be used
Signal words:
answer, challenge, need, difficulty, dilemma,
enigma, improve, indicate, issue, plan a need,
problem, propose, remedied, resolve, respond to,
solve, suggest
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Problem section:
Who, what, when, where, why, how

Solution section:
a. Major effects of the problem
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 The manufacturing and assembly process for
Product X is as efficient as possible. Currently,
certain parts need to be transported from one
assembly line to the next and installed by hand. The
incremental loss in efficiency means that Company Y
has not been meeting its production goals this year.
To reduce the need for manual transport of parts,
conveyor belts and mechanical robot arms should be
installed between assembly lines. This way, workers
can stay at their respective stations rather than
having to walk back and forth across the assembly
room floor.
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 10. Persuasion
-organizes ideas to show how a set of evidence leads
to a logical conclusion or argument.
-presents the issue, the position and the supporting
evidence that supports the position.

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Signal words:
a. for emphasizing a point – again, for this
reason, indeed, truly, in fact, in that case
b. for concluding and summarizing – all in
all, as I have said, finally, inevitably, thus, to
sum up
c. for conceding a point – certainly, no
doubt, obviously, needless to say, it is true
that, undoubtedly

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Can you use more than one
pattern in a paragraph?

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 A study in Romania suggests that children who are
abandoned at birth and placed in state-run institutions can
eventually thrive if they leave the institution and are placed in
foster care. In fact, children in the study who were placed in foster
homes ended up on par emotionally, intellectually, and physically
with children of the same age who had grown up with their
biological families. In contrast, orphaned children who never left
the state-run institutions showed steady declines in their
emotional and mental health over the course of their stay. While
the study supports the idea that foster care for abandoned children
is better than institutional life, it’s worth noting that Romanian
institutions have a particularly horrific reputation for neglect.
This may well account for the effects of long-term and unrelieved
institutionalization upon abandoned children.
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 According to economists, there are four different types of
unemployment, each with its own specific cause. The first type of
unemployment is seasonal. Workers in certain industries—such as
agriculture, resorts and retail—are subject to fluctuating demands for
their services because of peak and off-peak times in these industries. This
type of unemployment is regular, predictable, and relatively short-term.
The second type of unemployment is referred to as frictional. It is caused
by school and college graduates seeking jobs for the first time and by
workers changing jobs. These people usually remain unemployed for just
a short time while they seek a position. A third type of unemployment is
structural, caused, for example, by the use of new machinery, such as
robots, that can perform simple repetitive tasks. Workers displaced by
structural changes often experience long-term unemployment while
seeking a job that matches their skills and salary expectations. The last
type of unemployment is cyclical. This kind is produced by the overall
business cycle. Cyclical unemployment increases in recessions; it
decreases during growth periods.
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Thank you and may
the Good Lord
reward us always!

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