STS1009

CRYPTARITHMETIC

 Each letter & symbol represents only 1 digit throughout the problem.
 Aim to find the value
 There must be only one solution to cryptarithmetic problem
 Each alphabet takes only one number from 0 to 9 uniquely.
 Two single digit numbers sum can be maximum 19 with carryover. So carry over in
problems of two number addition is always 1.
 Try to solve left most digit in the given problem.
 Carry will always be 1
 Number must not begin with zero
 EX: SEND+MORE= MONEY
 Solution : Here the resultant is 1 more than operand, which makes it clear that the sum
of the digits denoting S and M is greater than 10.
 “M” can only equal 1 because it is the “carry 1” from the column S+M=O (+10). In
other words, every time addition of “n” digits gives a total of “n+1” digits, the left-hand
digit of the total must be “1”.
 A blind search can eventually find the solutions, if there is any, in a bound time. Given
that the base of the number is 10, there may be 10 solutions to be checked in the
problem space ; where n is the number of unique letters or symbols in the problem.
1. LET + LEE = ALL , then A + L + L = ?Assume (E=5)

2. If KANSAS + OHIO = OREGON Then find the value of G + R + O + S + S

3. HERE = COMES - SHE, (Assume S = 8) Find the value of R + H + O

4. If POINT + ZERO = ENERGY, then E + N + E + R + G + Y

5. If GO + TO = OUT, then O + U + T = ?

6. If USA + USSR = PEACE. Find P + E + A + C + E.

7. If EVER + SINCE = DARWIN then D + A + R + W + I + N is?

8. EAT + EAT + EAT = BEET if t = 0 then what will the value of TEE + TEE?

9. If E A T + T H A T = A P P L E, what is the value of A + T + L ?

1. SEND + MORE = MONEY, What is the value of M + O + N
+ E + Y?
2. SCOOBY + DOOO = BUSTED;Find the value of B + U + S
+ T + E + D?
3. S C O O B Y + D O O = B L I N K S then B + L + I + N + K
+S=?
4. BANANA + GUAVA = ORANGEO + R + A + N + G + E = ?
5. If HOW + MUCH = POWER ,then what is the value of P
+ O + W + E + R?
6. DAYS + TOO = SHORT, then find S + H + O + R + T
7. TWO + DAYS = MORE then, M + O + R + E =?
8. Find the value of T+E+N if ONE+ONE+ONE+ONE = TEN
DATA ARRANGEMENT

 NO. OF PERSONS EQUAL TO NO. OF ARRANGEMENTS

 DIRECTION : NORTH – NORMAL RIGHT / NORMAL LEFT (LOOKING
TOWARDS THE CENTRE)
LEFT – MIRROR IMAGE ( LOOKING OUTSIDE THE CENTRE)
Conjuctions (‘and’/,) : first element is the reference point
Who , what,which : consider second element as the reference point
Example for linear arrangement is there in slide
For circular arrangement two example I have added
 First statement and second statement depending on the elements whose directions are
not defined so we can’t consider them first.
 From the third statement we can start because B is depending on T and T’s direction is
already given. Then consider 4th and 5th statement and mark the elements and then go
back to 1st and 2nd statements.
 Which ever element we are considering first to draw that element’s direction has
to be clear then only we can make it has a reference.
Directions: Read the following information carefully and answer the questions given
below. (TCS 2021)

Eight bottles from B1 to B8 were placed around a square table such that the bottles which have
odd numbers in their name were placed at the each
of the corners while the bottles that have even number in their name were placed in the middle
of each side of the table. All the bottles were facing towards the center. B2 is third to the right
of B7. B3 is on the immediate right of B4, which is adjacent to B7. B6 is not placed adjacent
to B7. B1 is on the immediate left of B6.

B1 B2 B3

B6 B4

B5 B8 B7
BLOOD RELATION

 Drawing family tree

 Don’t assume gender by their name
 Each generation should have their respective row
 Conjuctions (‘and’/ , ) : first element is the reference point
 Who , what,which : consider second element as the reference point
TRACE BACK METHOD

 In statement based relation questions, a technique called backtracking is applied.

 Backtracking means starting from the last word & moving backwards.
 Eg- if Nikhil said, “A is the daughter of the sister of my father’s only son”.
Then we start from the last information: “My father’s only son → Me
Daughter of my sister → “Niece”
Hence A is the niece of Nikhil.
Question 1 If A + B means A is the mother of B; A – B means A is the brother B; A % B means A is the father of B and
A x B means A is the sister of B,
which of the following shows that P is the maternal uncle of Q?
A. Q – N + M x P
B. P + S x N – Q
C. P – M + N x Q
D. Q – S % P

Question 2 If A + B means A is the brother of B; A – B means A is the sister of B and A x B means A is the father of B.
Which of the following means that C is the son of M?
A. M – N x C + F
B. F – C + N x M
C. N + M – F x C
D. M x N – C + F

Question 3 Pointing to a photograph Lata says, “He is the son of the only son of my grandfather.” How is the man in the
photograph related to Lata?
A. Brother
B. B. Uncle
C. C. Cousin
D. D. Data is inadequate
Question 4 If A + B means A is the father of B; A – B means A is the brother B; A % B means A is the wife of B and A x
B means A is the mother of B, which of the following shows that M is the maternal grandmother of T?
A. M x N % S + T
B. M x N – S % T
C. M x S – N % T
D. M x N x S % T

Question 5 If A + B means A is the sister of B; A x B means A is the wife of B, A % B means A is the father of B and A
– B means A is the brother of B. Which of the following means T is the daughter of P?
A. P x Q % R + S – T
B. P x Q % R – T + S
C. P x Q % R + T – S
D. P x Q % R + S + T

Question 6 A family consists of 6 members P, Q , R, X, Y, Z. Q is the son of R but R is not mother of Q. P and R are
married couple. Y is the brother of R, X is the daughter of P. Z is the brother of P. How many female members are there
in the family?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
RATIOS & PORPORTIONS

 In real life also, you may find a lot of examples such as the rate of speed
(distance/time) or price (rupees/meter) of a material, etc, where the concept of the ratio
is highlighted.
 Ratios can be expressed in 3 ways: 1) a:b 2) a to b 3) a/b
 Proportion is an equation that defines that the two given ratios are equivalent to each
other. For example, the time taken by train to cover 100km per hour is equal to the time
taken by it to cover the distance of 500km for 5 hours. Such as 100km/hr =
500km/5hrs.
 A proportion is simply a statement that two ratios are equal. It can be written in two
ways: as two equal fractions a/b = c/d; or using a colon, a:b = c:d.
MIXTURES AND ALLIGATIONS

 The rule of alligation enables us to find the ratio in which two or more ingredients at
the given price must be mixed to produce a mixture of a desired price.
 Rule of Alligation
• Alligation is a rule that enables us to find the ratio in which two or more ingredients at the
given price must be mixed to produce a mixture of desired price.
• There are two types of methods used in alligation.
 Alligation Method 1:
• It is a modified form of finding the weighted average. If 2 ingredients are mixed in a ratio and the
cost price of the unit quantity of the mixture, called the Mean Price .
• Here 'd' is the cost of dearer ingredient, 'm' is mean price and 'c' is the cost of cheaper ingredient.
(Quantity of the cheaper)/(Quantity of the dearer) = (d-m)/(m-c)

 Alligation Method 2: Repeated Dilution

• This is used to calculate pure quantity left after 'n' number of processes of repeated replacement is
done on the pure quantity.
• Suppose, a container contains 'x' units of a liquid from which 'y' units are taken out and replaced by
water.
• After 'n' operations quantity of pure
 x(1- (y/x))^n

SELLING PRICE = COST PRICE * 100+(PROFIT)

100
PERCENTAGES
To find percentage increase- The number multiplied by (100+increased
percentage value)/100

To find percentage descrease- The number multiplied by (100- descreased

percentage value)/100

If the price of a commodity increases by R%, then reduction in consumption as

not to increase the expenditure is: [ R/(100+R)×100 ] %

If the price of a commodity decreases by R%, then the increase in consumption as

not to decrease the expenditure is: [ R/(100-R)×100 ] %

Result on Population:

Population after n years = P ( 1+ R/100 )^n

Population n years ago = P /( 1+ R/100 )^n

Result on Depreciation: Let the present value of a machine be P. Suppose
depreciates at the rate of R% per annum Then:

1. Value of the machine after n Years = P ( 1- R/100 )^n

2. Value of the machine n years ago = P /( 1- R/100 )^n

Remember it:
1 = 100% 1/8 = 12.5% 6.25%= 1/16
½ = 50% 1/9 = 11.11% 125% = 5/4
1/3 = 33.33 1/10= 10% 150% = 3/2
¼ = 25% 1/11= 9.09% 200% = 2
1/5 = 20% 1/10= 8.33% 350% = 7/2
1/6 = 16.66% 1/13= 7.69%
1/7 = 14.28% 25%= 1/4
SIMPLE INTEREST
• Simple interest is when the interest on a loan or investment is calculated only on the
amount initially invested or loaned.

• Simple interest is calculated by multiplying the daily interest rate by the

principal,by the number of days that elapse between payments.

• Simple interest benefits consumers who pay their loans on time or early each month.

• Auto loans and short-term personal loans are usually simple interest loans.
Simple Interest (SI) = {Principal (P) × Rate (R) × Time (T)}/100
Amount (A) = Principal (P) + Interest (I)
= P+[(PNT)/100]
=P{1+(NT/100)}
Principal (P) = Amount (A) – Interest (I)
Interest (I) = Amount (A) – Principal (P)
COMPOUND INTEREST
• Compound interest is the interest calculated on the principal and the interest
accumulated over the previous period.

• It is unlike simple interest where interest is not added to the principal while calculating
the interest during the next period.

• Some of its applications are:

• Increase or decrease in population.

• The growth of bacteria.

• Rise or depreciation in the value of an item.

 The compound interest formula is given below:

 Compound Interest = Amount – Principal CI =A-P

= P (1+ ) t - P
 Where the amount is given by:
= P [(1+ ) t - 1]
 A = P (1+ ) t
DIVISIBILITY RULE
 Divisibility rule of 2 – last digit should be divisible by 2
 Divisibility rule of 4 – last two digits should be divisible by 4
 Divisibility rule of 8 – last three digits should be divisible by 8
 Divisibility rule of 16 – last four digits should be divisible by 16
 Divisibility rule of 6 – should satisfy the divisibility rule of 2& 3.
 Divisibility rule of 12 - should satisfy the divisibility rule of 3&4.
 Divisibility rule of 14 - should satisfy the divisibility rule of 2& 7.
 Divisibility rule of 15 - should satisfy the divisibility rule of 5& 3.
 Divisibility rule of 3 – The sum of the digits should be 3 or multiple of 3
 Divisibility rule of 9 – The sum of the digits should be 9 or multiple of 9
Divisibility rule of 7
1. Take the last digit in a number.
2. Double and subtract the last digit in your number from the rest of the digits.
3. Repeat the process for larger numbers.
4. Example: Take 357. Double the 7 to get 14. Subtract 14 from 35 to get 21, which is
divisible by 7, and we can now say that 357 is divisible by 7.

Dividing by 11:

Find the sum of the digits in the even places and the sum of the digits in the odd places.
If the differences between the two sums is 0 or a multiple of 11, then the given number
would be divisible by 11
For example, 72545.
Digits in odd places - 7,5,5. Sum of these digits is 17
Digits in even places - 2,4. Sum of these 2 digits is 6.
Difference between both the sums = 17 - 6 = 11.
Thus sum is divisible by ,Hence 72545 would be divisible by 11.
Dividing by 13
Divisibility of 13 is similar to the method 2 mentioned in divisibility of 7. Assume
a number abcdefghij. In this method, the number is divided into blocks of 3
digits each beginning from the right, i.e. a | bcd | efg | hij and alternate blocks
are added to give two number N1 = a + efg and N2 = bcd + hij. If the difference
of the numbers N1 and N2, i.e. N1 - N2 is divisible by 13, then the number
abcdefghij is divisible by 13 too.
For example, 6517739020 → 6 | 517 | 739 | 020 → N1 = 745 and N2 = 537 → N1 -
N2 = 208 which is divisible by 13.
POWER CYCLE
 When any number is raised to the power n, where n = 1, 2, 3..., its units
digit follows a pattern or a cycle.
 The last digit of a number of the form a^b falls in a particular sequence or
order depending on the unit digit of the number “a” and the power the
number is raised to “b”. Thus, the power cycle of a number depends on its’
unit digit.
 How to solve power cycle problem
 Consider the last digit with the power value
 Divide the power value with cyclist order value of the respective number.
 If the remainder is non-zero value then take the value corresponding to the
remainder if we get zero as the remainder then take the last value
 Numbers Cycle Pattern

0 1 0
1 1 1
2 4 2,4,8,6
3 4 3,9,7,1
4 2 4,6
5 1 5
6 1 6
7 4 7,9,3,1
8 4 8,4,2,6
9 2 9,1
REMAINDER CYCLE
The basic remainder formula is:
Dividend = Divisor* Quotient + Remainder
 Remainder Theorem Rule – 1 (Fundamental)
 Remainder of the expression can be expressed as positive
remainders and negative remainders.

 Remainder Theorem Rule – 2 (For long expressions)

 The remainder of the expression will be the same as the remainder

of the expression

 Remainder Theorem Rule – 3 (Cancellation rule)

 For simplification of the expression of the sum, you should try to cancel out parts
of the numerator and denominator as much as you can
 Remainder Theorem Rule – 4 (remainder of a number with power )
There are two rules which are effect in order to deal with large powers
Case – 1 : If we can express the expression in the form , the remainder will
become 1 directly.
In this case , there is no matter how large the value of the power “n” is, the
remainder is 1.
Case – 2 : If we can express the expression in the form , the remainder will
become ( – 1 )n
In this case , if n is even number then remainder will be 1 and if n is odd
number then remainder will be (q-1)

Formulas Based Concepts for Remainder:

● (an + bn) is divisible by (a + b), when n is odd.
● (an - bn) is divisible by (a + b), when n is even.
● (an - bn) is always divisible by (a - b), for every n.
 Q1. A sum of money at simple interest amt to rs.815 in 3yrs and to rs.854 in 4 yrs. The
sum is
 Q2. A sum fetched a total simple interest of Rs. 4016.25 at the rate of 9 p.c.p.a. in 5
years. What is the sum?
 Q3. The least number of complete years in which a sum of money put out at 20%
compound interest will be more than doubled is:
 Q4. Find the compound interest (CI) on Rs. 12,600 for 2 years at 10% per annum
compounded annually.
 Q5. A TV was bought for Rs. 21,000. The value of the TV was depreciated by 5% per
annum. Find the value of the TV after 3 years. (Depreciation means the reduction of
value due to use and age of the item)
 Q6 Aman’s salary was reduced by 20% and then the reduced salary was increased by
10%. What was his ultimate loss?
 Q7. Kiran’s salary was reduced by 25% and then the reduced salary was increased by
25%. What was his ultimate loss?
 Q8. What is 20% of 50% of 33.3% of 75% of 400?
 Q9. A earns 25% more than B. C earns 25% more than A. A earns 20% more than D. E
earns 20% more than A. A, B, C, D, and E earn integer amounts less than Rs. 100. What
is the total amount earned by all five of them put together?
 Q10. The largest 4 digit number exactly divisible by 5, 6 and 7 is:
 Q11. What should be the value of * in 14113*, if number is divisible by 9?
 Q12. Find last digit of the number 3^2015 – 2^2009
 Q13. Find the digit at the unit place of the number 123579^2375
 Q14. What is the remainder when 15 23 + 2323 is divided by 19 ?
 Q15. What is the remainder when 64 959 is divided by 7?
 Q16. What is the remainder when 63 999 is divided by 4?
 Q17. Find the unit digit of the expression 123 x 587 x 987 x 78
 Q18 . A father said to his son, "I was as old as you are at the present at the time of your
birth". If the father's age is 38 years now, the son's age five years back was:
 Q19. At present, the ratio between the ages of Arun and Deepak is 4 : 3. After 6 years,
Arun's age will be 26 years. What is the age of Deepak at present ?
 Q20. Six years ago, the ratio of the ages of Kunal and Sagar was 6 : 5. Four years hence,
the ratio of their ages will be 11 : 10. What is Sagar's age at present?