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Chem Bio II Lecture 4

The document discusses various methods of expressing the concentration of solutions, including molarity, percentage concentrations, parts per million and billion, and p-functions. It provides examples of calculating concentrations using different units and defining how solutions are prepared to achieve given concentrations.

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Kyrby Cabalquinto
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33 views16 pages

Chem Bio II Lecture 4

The document discusses various methods of expressing the concentration of solutions, including molarity, percentage concentrations, parts per million and billion, and p-functions. It provides examples of calculating concentrations using different units and defining how solutions are prepared to achieve given concentrations.

Uploaded by

Kyrby Cabalquinto
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MINDANAO

Concentrations and
Equilibrium Constants
CHEMICAL BIOLOGY II
2ND SEM/ A.Y 2022-2023
SOLUTIONS AND THEIR CONCENTRATIONS

Molar Concentrations ( Cx ) - Molarity


the molar concentration of a solute species X is the number of moles of
that species that is contained in 1 liter of the solution. The unit of molar
concentration is molar, symbolized by M, which has dimensions of mol/L
or mmol/ml

EQUATION 4.1
=

Where: nx- moles of solute


V- volume of solution
Insert Running Title 2
Example 4.1
Calculate the molar concentration of ethanol in an aqueous solution
that contains 2.30 g of C2H5OH (46.07 g/mol) in a 3.50L solution.

Given: g C2H5OH= 2.30 g, V sol= 3.50 L


Required: M of ethanol?
Solution:
1. First compute for the moles of the solute which is the ethanol
2. Use the equation 4.1 to solve for the molar concentration since
volume of solution is already given.

Insert Running Title 3


Example 4.2
Calculate the molar concentration of Potassium Sulfate in an aqueous
solution that contains 3174 mg of K2SO4 (174.259 g/mol) in a 5.00 L
solution.

Answer: 0.00364 M

Insert Running Title 4


2 ways to express Molarity
Molar Analytical Concentration
is the total number of moles of a solute, regardless of its chemical
state, in 1L of solution. Typically describes how a solution of a given
concentration can be prepared.

Molar equilibrium Concentration


Is the molar concentration of a particular species in a solution. They are
usually symbolized by placing square bracket around the chemical
formula of the species [H2SO4]

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Example 4.3
Calculate the analytical and equilibrium molar concentrations of the
solute species in an aqueous solution that contains 285 mg of
trichloroacetic acid, Cl3CCOOH (163.4 g/mol), in 10.0 ml (the acid is 73%
ionized)

Solution:
1. We calculate the Molar analytical concentration of trichloroacetic
acid
2. Then we solve for the molar equilibrium concentration from the
molar analytical concentration
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Example 4.4
Describe the preparation of 2.00 L of 0.108 M BaCl2• 2H2O (244.3
g/mol)

Solution:
Determine the number of grams of solute to be dissolved and diluted to 2.00L, we note
that 1 mole of dihydrate yields 1 mole of BaCl2. Therefore to produce this solution we will
need:

n BaCl2• 2H2O = (2.00 L) ()= 0.216 mol BaCl2• 2H2O

Then convert the moles to grams

gBaCl2• 2H2O mol= (0.216 mol BaCl2• 2H2O )() = 52.8 g BaCl2• 2H2O Insert Running Title 7
Example 4.5
Describe the preparation of 500 mL of 0.0740 M Cl- solution from solid
BaCl2• 2H2O (244.3 g/mol).

Solution:

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Percent Concentrations
1.

2.

3.

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1. Weight percent is often used to express the concentrations of commercial
aqueous reagents. For example, nitric acid is sold as 70% (w/w) solution,
meaning that the reagent contains 70 g of HNO3 per 100 g solution

2. Volume percent is commonly used to specify the concentration of a


solution prepared by diluting a pure liquid compound with another liquid.
For example, a 5% (v/v) aqueous solution of methanol, usually describes a
solution prepared by diluting 5.0 ml of pure methanol with sufficient water
that gives 100 ml soln.

3. Weight/Volume percent is often used to indicate the composition of dilute


aqueous solutions of solid reagents. For example, 5% (w/v) aqueous silver
nitrate solution, often refers to a solution prepared by dissolving 5g of
silver nitrate in sufficient water to give 100ml of solution. Insert Running Title 10
Parts per million and Parts per billion
For very dilute solutions, parts per million (ppm) is a convenient way
to express concentrations:

Cppm=

A handy rule in calculating parts per million is to remember that for


dilute aqueous solutions whose densities are approximately 1.00 g/ml,
1ppm = 1.00 mg/ L. That is:

Cppm=
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Example 4.6
What is the molar concentration of K+ in a solution that contains 63.3
ppm of K3Fe(CN)6 (329.3 g/mol) ?

Solution:
Because the solution is so dilute, it is reasonable to assume that its
density is 1.00 g/ml
63.3ppm K3Fe(CN)6 = 63.3 mg K3Fe(CN)6 / L

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Solution-Diluent Volume Ratios
The composition of a dilute solution is sometimes specified in terms of
the volume of a more concentrated solution and the volume of solvent
used in diluting it. The volume of the former is separated from that of
the latter by a colon:

1:4 HCl solution contains four volumes of water for each volume of
concentrated HCl.
also
1:4 means dilute one volume with three volumes. Because of such
uncertainties, you should AVOID USING SOLUTION-DILUENT RATIOS

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P-Functions
The p-value is the negative logarithm(to the base 10) of the molar
concentration of that species. Thus, for the species X,

pX= - log [X]

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Example 4.7
Calculate the p-value for each ion in a solution that is 2.00 x in NaCl
and 5.4 x M in HCl.

Solution:

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Example 4.8
Calculate the molar concentration of Ag+ in a solution that has a pAg of
6.372.

Solution:
pAg= - log [Ag+] = 6.372

log [Ag+]= -6.372

[Ag+]= 4.246 x 10-7M

Insert Running Title 16

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