CONTENTS:-

Sl.no Topic
1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Literature Survey
4. Objective
5. Methodology
6. Block Diagram & Components Required
7. Advantages & Disadvantages
8. Applications
9. Conclusion
10. References
 ABSTRACT
The dual threats of energy depletion and global warming place the
development of methods for harnessing renewable energy resources at
the center of public interest. As a future inexhaustible and non-polluting
energy sources, solar energy is advancing to meet our ever-growing
energy requirements and it is one of the most promising renewable
energy resources. So the goal of this project is to construct a automated
dual axis solar tracker which can substantially improve the electricity
production of a photovoltaic (PV) system and to produce an efficient
solar generation system. The work of this project includes both
hardware design and implementation, along with software programming
for the microcontroller in order to track the sun.
Introduction
• The solar tracking system plays a major role in which it is used to capture
the maximum power from the sunlight. During those days, the power
generation method is not great as now because there are many types of
power generation system like Nuclear power plant, hydroelectric power
plants, geo thermal power plants, other non-renewable and also
renewable energy source power generation methods.
• In this paper, the solar power generation is one of the pollution free and
zero emission process rather than non-renewable energy source. In these
trackers allow photovoltaic systems to decrease the angle of incidence
between the incoming sunlight and the sensor in the solar tracking
device, decreasing the amount of electricity.
• All focused solar systems have trackers in an effort to produce energy
from direct sunlight into solar panels. These solar trackers have been
shown to have dual axis tracking technology designed to combine solar
modules and reduce the cost of devices.
• These kinds of solar tracking systems is also ideal in rural areas where
electricity production is inadequate. The solar panel, which transforms
solar energy directly into electricity, is one of the key components. Here
the Solar panel, which is used is made up of semiconductors material.
• The solar panel placed in one direction does not get maximum power
due to climate change. So, the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
is a technique for maximizing the generation of power from solar panels
by maintaining the working of P-V solar panels.
Literature survey:
• Hossein Mousazadeh et Al.,[ (2011), Journal of Solar Energy
Engineering,Vol.133 ]

• He studied and investigated maximization of collected energy from an

on-board PV array, on a solar assist plug-in hybrid electric tractor
(SAPHT). Using four light dependent resistive sensors a sun tracking
system on a mobile structure was constructed and evaluated. The
experimental tests using the sun-tracking system showed that 30%
more energy was collected in comparison to that of the horizontally
fixed mode..
• K.S. Madhu et al., (2012) International Journal of Scientific &
Engineering Research vol. 3, 2229–5518,
• It states that a single axis tracker tracks the sun east to west, and a two-
axis tracker tracks the daily east to west movement of the sun and the
seasonal declination movement of the sun. Concentrates solar power
systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area
of sunlight into a small beam.
• PV converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect. Solar
power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity. Test results indicate
that the increase in power efficiency of tracking solar plate in normal
days is 26 to 38% compared to fixed plate. And during cloudy or rainy
days it’s varies at any level.
Objective:
• The solar energy plays a vital role among all kinds of renewable energy
source now. As it has a drawback that it can generate power against the
solar panel until the intensity associated with the incident of solar
radiation.
• So our main objective is to design and develop the solar panel system to
overcome this which shift in accordance with the direct intensity
association with the event of solar radiation.
Methodology:
• In this solar tracking system, LDRs (Light Dependent Resistor) as known
as Photo resistors plays a major role. These are sensitive to light, so
these are used in Light or Dark detector circuit.
• Resistance of LDR depends on intensity of the light and it varies
according to it.
• The higher is the intensity of light, lower will be the LDR resistance and
due to this the output voltage lowers and when the light intensity is low,
higher will be the LDR resistance and thus higher output voltage is
obtained.
• A potential divider circuit is used to get the output voltage from the
sensors (LDRs).

• The LDR senses the analog input in voltages between 0 to 5 volts and
provides a digital number at the output which generally ranges from 0
to 1023.

• This will give feedback to the microcontroller using the Arduino

software(IDE).

• According to the values received by the microcontroller from all four

LDR’s, the tracker finally adjusts its position sensing the maximum
intensity of light falling perpendicular to it and stays there till it notices
any further change.
Components Required:
• Solar Photo Voltaic Panel: The photo
Voltaic panel is the main component
that produces electric power. The
objective here is to move the panel such
that it is always perpendicular to
sunrays, when the sun rays fall on it
perpendicularly it produces more power.

• Relay Card: 4-channel universal relay

card works as switch). Arduino
microcontroller controls t by switching
of two motors. It triggers the r panel
rotates to achieve maximum output
power.
• Light Dependent Resistor (LDR):
A photo resistor or light-dependent resistor (LDR) or
photocell is a light-controlled variable resistor. The
resistance of a photo resistor decreases with increasing
incident light intensity; in other words, it exhibits
photoconductivity. Here Four LDRs are arranged at the four
sides of the panel to detect the light intensity.

• Servo Motor:
The servo motor is a closed-loop mechanism that
incorporates positional feedback in order to control the
rotational or linear speed and position. The motor is
controlled with an electric signal, either analog or digital,
which determines the amount of movement which
represents the final command position for the shaft. These
are used where rotation of the moto specified angle not
continuously for lon Position control in servo mechanism is
closed loop control.
• Arduino Microcontroller:
Arduino is a single board micro controller, based on the
ATmega328. It consists of a standard programming
language and boot loader used for execution. A USB
cable used to communicate with the board and it can be
used as a power supply.
• Real Time Clock:
A real-time clock (RTC) is a battery-powered clock that is
included in a microchip in a computer motherboard. In
order to control the flow of data between the different
building blocks of the microcontrller one needs a clock.
• L293D Motor Driver:
The L293D is a popular 16-Pin Motor Driver. As the name
suggests it is mainly used to drive motors. A single L293D
is capable of running two DC motors at the same time;
also the direction of these two motors can be controlled
independently.
Block Diagram:

Arduino Relay Electric Motor Solar Panel

LDR Sensors
Flow Chart:
Advantages:
• Solar energy is a pollution free form of source.
• There is no noise pollution as in wind energy.
• Once the solar power plant is fixed, maintenance cost is relatively low
when compared to other existing sources.
• Solar energy can be used in very remote areas where extension of the
electricity power grid is costly.

Disadvantages:
• Higher mechanical complexity, making it more likely for something
to go wrong
• Lower lifespan and lower reliability
• Unreliable performance in cloudy or overcast weather
Applications:
For a highly rated solar panel, Dual Axes Tracking can significantly
improve the efficiency of the panel. CSP applications using dual axis
tracking includes Solar Power towers and dish (Stirling engine)
systems.
Dual axis Tracking is extremely important in solar tower applications
due to the angle errors resulting from longer distance between the
mirror and the central receiver located in tower structure. Uniform
amount of energy can be generated throughout the daytime
irrespective of the sun’s location.
 CONCLUSION
• On one side, we have been seeing the improving requirement of electrical energy, on
the other hand improving pollution. In this situation solar energy is good choice to
produce power.
• So this is a simple and low cost model for Dual Axis Solar Tracking. Increasing its
efficiency is very important, so in this model efficiency of system has improved
significantly by using dual axes LDR sensors mechanism and Timer This model of dual
axis solar tracker is more effective than the existing single axis solar tracker and fixed
mount. The implementation cost of Arduino board for tracking solar power is low and
it is implementation is simple.
• With a modifications in the design and development, the paper work can be enhanced
further, Real Time Clock (RTC) can be interfaced rather than sensors used for seasonal
tracking here. Using more powerful motors, the tracking capability and lifetime can be
increased, but it will be a little bit costly. But in place of the microcontroller board,
using Arduino will make it cheaper, although it will be complicated. Solar trackers,
whether single-axis or dual-axis, will help to achieve the optimum solar energy level.
Today, it seems very right when it comes to the future of the solar tracker industry.
References:
• [1] Solar Tracking Hardware and Software by Gerro J Prinsloo

• [2] Design and Implementation of a Sun Tracker with a Dual-Axis Single Motor “Jing-
Min Wang and Chia-Liang Lu’’

• [3] Sensors and Transducers...Second Edition...’’D.Patranabis”

• [4] Atmel ATmega48A/PA/88A/PA/168A/PA/328/P-datasheet

• [5] Utilisation of Electrical Power. Author, Er. R. K. Rajput.

• [6] Arduino Programming Book. Author, Brian W. Evan

THANK YOU