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    BIO101

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    Ibraheem Aribidesi
    The document discusses the basic structure and function of cells. It outlines the cell theory that all living things are made of cells, which are the basic functional units of life. The document describes the main components of plant and animal cells, including the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and other organelles that carry out essential life processes.

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    BIO101

    Uploaded by

    Ibraheem Aribidesi
    6 views27 pages
    The document discusses the basic structure and function of cells. It outlines the cell theory that all living things are made of cells, which are the basic functional units of life. The document describes the main components of plant and animal cells, including the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and other organelles that carry out essential life processes.

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    The document discusses the basic structure and function of cells. It outlines the cell theory that all living things are made of cells, which are the basic functional units of life. The document describes the main components of plant and animal cells, including the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and other organelles that carry out essential life processes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    6 views27 pages

    BIO101

    Uploaded by

    Ibraheem Aribidesi
    The document discusses the basic structure and function of cells. It outlines the cell theory that all living things are made of cells, which are the basic functional units of life. The document describes the main components of plant and animal cells, including the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and other organelles that carry out essential life processes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 27

    Cell Structure

    & Function

    http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html
    Cell Theory
    • All living things are made up of cells.
    • Cells are the smallest working units of all
    living things.
    • All cells come from preexisting cells
    through cell division.
    Definition of Cell

    A cell is the smallest unit that is


    capable of performing life
    functions.
    Examples of Cells
    Amoeba Proteus

    Plant Stem

    Bacteria

    Red Blood Cell

    Nerve Cell
    Two Types of Cells

    •Prokaryotic
    •Eukaryotic
    Prokaryotic
    • Do not have
    structures
    surrounded by
    membranes
    • Few internal
    structures
    • One-celled
    organisms,
    Bacteria

    http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html
    Eukaryotic
    • Contain organelles surrounded by membranes
    • Most living organisms
    Plant Animal

    http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html
    “Typical” Animal Cell

    http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif
    “Typical” Plant Cell

    http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif
    Cell Parts
    Organelles
    Surrounding the Cell
    Cell Membrane
    • Outer membrane of cell
    that controls movement
    in and out of the cell
    • It is made up of
    phospholipid bilayer with
    – hydrophilic head forming
    the inner and outer wall
    and
    – hydrophobic tail forming
    the middle layer
    Cell Wall
    • Most commonly found in plant
    cells, fungi & bacteria
    • It is made up of
    – Cellulose (polysaccharide
    chains of glucose) in plants
    – Chitin (Nitrogen-
    containing polysaccharide)
    in fungi and
    – Peptidoglycan (a polymer
    consisting of sugars and
    amino acids) in bacteria
    • It Supports and protects the
    cells
    Inside the Cell
    Nucleus
    • Directs cell
    activities
    • Separated from
    cytoplasm by
    nuclear membrane
    • Contains genetic
    material - DNA
    Nuclear Membrane
    • Surrounds nucleus
    • Made of two layers
    • Openings (nuclear pores)
    allow material to enter and
    leave nucleus
    Chromosomes
    • In nucleus
    • Made of chromatin
    [complex of DNA and
    protein (histones)]
    • Contain instructions
    for traits & characters
    Nucleolus
    • Inside nucleus
    • Contains RNA to build
    proteins

    http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
    Cytoplasm
    • Gel-like mixture
    • Surrounded by cell membrane
    • Contains hereditary material from the nucleus
    • It is made up of;
    – Cytosol: Fluid matrix containing enzymes, ions, and
    various organic molecules for cellular metabolism.
    – Cytoskeleton:
    • Microfilaments (Actin): Provide structural support, help in
    cell movement and division.
    • Intermediate Filaments: Maintain cell shape and anchor
    organelles.
    • Microtubules: form spindle fibers during cell division.
    Endoplasmic Reticulum
    • Moves materials around
    in cell
    • It is of two types;
    – Rough ER: Studded with
    ribosomes, it's involved in
    protein synthesis, folding,
    and modification.
    – Smooth ER: Synthesizes
    lipids, detoxifies drugs and
    toxins, and stores calcium
    ions.
    Ribosomes
    • Each cell contains
    thousands
    • Produced from
    nucleolus
    • Synthesize proteins
    • Found on ER &
    floating throughout
    the cell

    http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
    Mitochondria
    • Produces energy through chemical
    reactions – power house of the cell
    • Controls level of water and other
    materials in cell
    • Recycles and decomposes proteins,
    fats, and carbohydrates
    • Outer and Inner Membranes create
    compartments for cellular
    respiration, producing ATP.
    Golgi Bodies
    • It is made up of;
    – Cisternae: Modifies, sorts,
    and packages proteins into
    vesicles for secretion.
    – Trans Face: Where finished
    products are packaged into
    vesicles for transport.
    – Vesicles for secretion and
    material transport.
    • Move materials within and
    between the cells
    Lysosome
    • Transports undigested material
    to cell membrane for removal
    • It consist;
    – Hydrolytic Enzymes: Break
    down macromolecules (proteins,
    fats, and carbohydrates) and
    cellular waste.
    – Autophagosomes: Fuse with
    damaged organelles for
    recycling.
    • Cell breaks down if lysosome
    explodes
    Vacuoles
    • Membrane-bound
    sacs for storage,
    digestion, and waste
    removal
    • Store various
    substances such as
    water, nutrients, or
    waste products.
    • Help plants maintain
    shape
    Chloroplast
    • Usually found in plant
    cells
    • Contains
    – Thylakoids: Contain
    chlorophyll for
    photosynthesis. -
    Stroma: Enzyme-rich
    fluid for carbohydrate
    synthesis.
    Centrioles
    • Found in animal
    cells
    • Aid in organizing
    microtubules
    (spindle fibres)
    during cell
    division.

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