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Sequences

The document defines sequences and provides examples of arithmetic and geometric sequences. It explains that an arithmetic sequence has a constant difference between consecutive terms, while a geometric sequence has a constant ratio. It gives the general formulas to find any term or the sum of terms in an arithmetic sequence. Examples are provided to demonstrate solving for individual terms, the common difference or ratio, and summations. Assignments are given to practice applying the concepts.

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13 views19 pages

Sequences

The document defines sequences and provides examples of arithmetic and geometric sequences. It explains that an arithmetic sequence has a constant difference between consecutive terms, while a geometric sequence has a constant ratio. It gives the general formulas to find any term or the sum of terms in an arithmetic sequence. Examples are provided to demonstrate solving for individual terms, the common difference or ratio, and summations. Assignments are given to practice applying the concepts.

Uploaded by

perezzzzmay06
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sequences

NEIL A. MUTIA, MIT


What is Sequence
• Definition: A sequence is a function from a subset of the set of integers (typically the set {0,1,2,...} or
the set {1,2,3,...} to a set S. We use the notation a n to denote the image of the integer n. We call an a
term of the sequence.

• Notation: {an} is used to represent the sequence (note {} is the same notation used for sets, so be
careful). {an} represents the ordered list a1, a2, a3, ... .
Sequence Examples
• (1) an = n2, where n = 1,2,3,4,5,...

• What are the elements of the sequence?


• 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, ...

• (2) an = (-1)n, where n=0,1,2,3,4,...

• Elements of the sequence?


• 1, -1, 1, -1, 1, ...

• (3) an = 2n, where n=0,1,2,3,4,5,...

• Elements of the sequence?


• 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, ...
Types of Sequences
• Two common types of mathematical sequences are arithmetic sequences and geometric
sequences.
• An arithmetic sequence has a constant difference between each consecutive pair of terms.
• A geometric sequence has a constant ratio between each pair of consecutive terms. This would
create the effect of a constant multiplier.
Types of Sequences
• An arithmetic sequence has a constant difference between each consecutive pair of terms.
• Examples:
• {5,11,17,23,29,35,…}
• {24,19,14,9,4,−1,−6,…}

• A geometric sequence has a constant ratio between each pair of consecutive terms
• Examples:
• {2,6,18,54,162,…}
• {50,10,2,0.4,0.08,…}
Arithmetic Sequence
• Has a constant difference between each consecutive pair of terms.
• 3, 5, 7, 9, 11
a1 , a 2 , a 3 , a 4 , a 5
The General Term is:
• d = common/constant difference an = 3 + (n-1) 2
• d = an – an-1 | d = 5 - 3 = 2 = 3 + 2n – 2
= 2n – 2 + 3
Finding the nth term
= 2n + 1
an = a1 + (n-1) d

Find the 8th term from of the series


a8 = 3 + (8-1) 2
a8 = 3 + (7) 2
a8 = 3 + 14
a8 = 17
Arithmetic Sequence
• Example 1: Find the 27th term of the arithmetic sequence 5, 8, 11, 54, …..
• a1 = 5, d = 8-5 = 3
• So, The General Term is:
an = 5 + (n-1) 3
• an = a1 + (n-1) d = 5 + 3n – 3
= 3n – 3 + 5
• a27 = 5 + (27-1) 3 = 3n + 2
• a27 = 83
Arithmetic Sequence
• Example 2: Find the 40th term of the arithmetic in which a8 = 60 and a12 = 48

• a1 = ?, d ?

• So, Find a1 and d.

• Substitute 60 for a8 and 48 for a12 in the formula an = a1 + (n-1) d


Solve for d Solve for a1 Solve for a1
• a8=a1+(8−1)d
60 = a1+ 7d cancel out a1 Using a8 Using a12
• 60 = a1+ 7d
48 = a1+ 11d
12 = -4d 60 = a1+ 7 (-3) 48 = a1+ 11 (-3)
• a12=a1+(12−1)d 60 = a1 – 21 48 = a1 – 33
12 = -4d = -3 = d 60 + 21 = a1 48 + 33 = a1
• 48 = a1+ 11d -4 -4 81 = a1 81 = a1
Arithmetic Sequence
• Example 2: Find the 40th term of the arithmetic in which a8 = 60 and a12 = 48

• We can now find a40

• a40=a1+(n −1)d The General Term is:


an = 81 + (n-1) (-3)
• a40= 81+(40 −1)(-3) = 81 + (-3n) – (-3)
= -3n – (-3) - 81
• a40= 81+(39)(-3) = -3n + 84

• a40= 81- 117

• a40= -36
Arithmetic Sequence
• Example 3: Find the 16th term of the arithmetic in which a3 = 15 and a10 = 57

• a1 = ?, d ?

• So, Find a1 and d.

• Substitute 15 for a3 and 57 for a10 in the formula an = a1 + (n-1) d


Solve for d Solve for a1 Solve for a1
• a3=a1+(3−1)d
15 = a1+ 2d cancel out a1 Using a3 Using a10
• 15 = a1+ 2d
57 = a1+ 9d
-42 = -7d 15 = a1+ 2 (6) 57 = a1+ 9 (6)
• a10=a1+(10−1)d 15 = a1 + 12 57 = a1 + 54
-42 = -7d = 6=d 15 - 12 = a1 57 - 54 = a1
• 57 = a1+ 9d -7 -7 3 = a1 3 = a1
Arithmetic Sequence
• Example 3: Find the 16th term of the arithmetic in which a3 = 15 and a10 = 57

• We can now find a16

• a16=a1+(n −1)d The General Term is:

• a16= 3+(16 −1)(6)


?
• a16= 3+(15)(6)

• a16= 3 + 90

• a16= 93
Summation of Arithmetic Sequence
• This is used to sum all the numbers in a given arithmetic sequence.

• Sn = n/2 (a1+an)

• Example 1:
• Given this sequence 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19 what is the sum if the sequence is up to the 9 th term . 28th
term = 57

• S9 = 9/2 (3+19) S28 = 28/2 (3+57)


S28 = 14 (60)
• S9 = 9/2 (22)
S28 = 840
• S9 = 9/2 (22)

• S9 = 4.5 (22)

• S9 = 99
Summation of Arithmetic Sequence
• This is used to sum all the numbers in a given arithmetic sequence.

• Sn = n/2 (a1+an)

• Example 2:
• Given this sequence 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19 what is the sum if the sequence is up to the 29 th term
• d = 5-3 = 2

Find the 29th term: Find the sum until 29th term:
a29=a1+(n −1)d S29 = 29/2 (3+59)
a29=3+(29 −1)2 S29 = 29/2 (62)
a29=3+(28)2 S29 = 29/2 (62)
a29=3+56 S29 = 14.5 (62)
a29=59 S29 = 899
Summation of Arithmetic Sequence
• This is used to sum all the numbers in a given arithmetic sequence.

• Sn = n/2 (a1+an)

• Example 3:
• Given this 44 as the 11th term and 68 as the 17th term, solve the summation of the sequence until 26 th
term
• Solve for d, a1, a26, and S26
• What is the General Term?
Summation of Arithmetic Sequence
• Example 3 Solution:
• Given this 44 as the 11th term and 68 as the 17th term, solve the summation of the sequence until 26 th
term
Solve for d Solve for a1 Solve for a26 Find the sum until 26th term:
a11=a1+(11−1)d
44 = a1+ 10d cancel out a1 Using a11 a26=a1+(n −1)d S26 = 26/2 (4+104)
44 = a1+ 10d 68 = a1+ 16d a26=4+(26 −1)4 S26 = 26/2 (108)
a17=a1+(17−1)d -24 = -6d 44 = a1+ 10 (4) S26 = 26/2 (108)
a26=4+(25)4
68 = a1+ 16d 44 = a1 + 40 a26=4+100 S26 = 13 (108)
-24 = -6d = 4=d 44 - 40 = a1 S26 = 1,404
a26=104
-6 -6
4 = a1
The General Term is:
an = 4 + (n-1) 4
= 4 + 4n – 4
= 4n – 4 + 4
= 4n
Summation of Arithmetic Sequence
• This is used to sum all the numbers in a given arithmetic sequence.

• Sn = n/2 (a1+an)

• Assignment: Send via Messenger until May 13, 12nn


• 1. Given this 38 as the 4th term and 83 as the 9th term, solve the summation of the sequence until 48 th
term
• Solve for d, a1, a46, and S48
• What is the General Term?
• 2. Given this 41 as the 6th term and 83 as the 12th term, solve the summation of the sequence until 55 th term
• Solve for d, a1, a52, and S55
• What is the General Term?
Geometric Sequence
• A geometric sequence is a sequence of numbers that follows a pattern were the next term is found by
multiplying by a constant called the common ratio, r.
• Has a common ratio between each consecutive pair of terms.
• 3, 12, 48, 192, 768 Finding the nth term
a1 , a 2 , a 3 , a 4 , a 5 an = a1 (r)n-1
• r = common ratio
Example 1:
• r = an / an-1 | r = 12 / 3 = 4
Find the 8th term from of the series
a8 = 3 (4)8-1
a8 = 3 (4)7
a8 = 3 ( 16,384 )
a8 = 49,152
Geometric Sequence
• A geometric sequence is a sequence of numbers that follows a pattern were the next term is found by
multiplying by a constant called the common ratio, r.
• Has a common ratio between each consecutive pair of terms.
• Example 2 Finding the nth term
an = a1 (r)n-1
• 9, 54, 324, 1944
• a1 , a 2 , a 3, a4

• r=?
• 9th Term?
Geometric Sequence
• Example 2:

• Find the 7th term for the geometric sequence in which a 2 = 24 and a5 = 3

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