FUNDAMENTALS OF

COMPUTER
 INDEX

• INTRODUCTION
• INPUT DEVICE
• OUTPUT DEVICE
• CPU
• MEMORY UNIT
• MOTHERBOARD
 Evolution of Computers
• 1st generation
• 2nd generation
• 3rd generation
• 4th generation
• 5th generation
• 6th generation

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1ST GENERATION
• TIME PERIOD – 1940 - 1956
• SIZE – VERY LARGE SYSTEM
• TECHNOLOGY – VACUUM TUBES
• PROCESSING – VERY SLOW
• MEMORY- MAGNETIC DRUM

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2ND GENERATION
• TIME PERIOD – 1956 - 1963
• SIZE – SMALLER THAN 1ST GENERATION
• TECHNOLOGY - TRANSISTORS
• PROCESSING - FASTER

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3RD GENERATION
• TIME PERIOD – 1964 - 1971
• SIZE – SMALL COMPARED TO 2ND GENERATION
• TECHNOLOGY - INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (IC)
• PROCESSING – FASTER THEN 2ND GENERATION

• INTRODUCTION TO HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE

LIKE FORTAN & COBOL

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4TH GENERATION
• TIME PERIOD – 1972-2010
• SIZE – SMALL AS COMPARED TO 3RD GENERATION
• TECHNOLOGY– VERY LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION
VEINTEGRATION (
• PROCESSING – FASTER THEN 3RD GENERATION
• INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR , TIME
SHARING & MULTI PROGRAMMING OPERATING
SYSTEM

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5TH GENERATION

• TIME PERIOD – 2010 - PRESENT

• SIZE - SMALLER
• TECHNOLOGY – ULTRA LEVEL SCALE
INTEGRATION (ULSI)
• INTRODUCTION OF AI

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 6TH GENERATION

• TIME PERIOD – FUTURE

• TECHNOLOGY – ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE,

NANO TECHNOLOGY & VOICE RECOGNITION

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 TYPES OF COMPUTERS

• SUPER COMPUTER
• MAINFRAME COMPUTER
• MINI COMPUTER
• MICRO COMPUTER

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 SUPER COMPUTER

• It is an extremely fast compute capable of

performing hundreds of millions of instructions per
second.
• A supercomputer usually includes more than one
CPU.
• It is used for nuclear weapon development,
weather forecasting, host processes for a local
computer.
• Ex: cray Supercomputer

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 MAINFRAME COMPUTER

• It is a large computer which is used as a

large server and for intensive business
applications.
• It can do millions of instructions per
second.
• It is used for bulk data processing like
consumer statistics, ERP and financial
transaction processing.
• Ex: IBM ES/9000

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 MINI COMPUTER
 It is a type of computer that
possesses most of the features
and capabilities of a large
computer but is smaller in
physical size.

 A minicomputer fills the space

between the mainframe and
microcomputer

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 MICRO COMPUTER

• Small size and low cost

• Easy to use
• Low computing power
• Commonly used for personal application

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FUNCTIONAL LAYOUT OF COMPUTER
 Input Device
• KEYBOARD
• MOUSE
• TOUCHSCREEN
• MICROPHONE
• WEBCAM
• SCANNER

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WORKING OF MEMBRANE KEYBOARD
 WIRELESS KEYBOARD
• Works on Radio frequency , Infrared , Bluetooth.

• Radio transmitter is inside the wireless keyboard . Radio receiver

plugs into the keyboard port or USB port.

• Once it got plugged in , the computer recognizes the keyboard and

the mouse as if they were connected via a cable.
MECHANICAL MOUSE
WORKING OF OPTICAL MOUSE
 WIRELESS MOUSE
• It was Bluetooth , Radio frequency , Infrared
• The mouse records its movements and buttons that are clicked and
then sends this information via radio signals into the receiver .
• It has a battery , Working is similar to optical mouse , But the
connection is different.
 Touch Screen
A Touch screen is an electronic visual display capable of detecting and
locating a touch over its display area.

Types of touch screen:

• Resistive
• Surface Capacitive
• SAW (Surface Acoustic Wave)
• Infrared

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Resistive Touch Surface Capacitive
SAW (Surface Acoustic Wave) INFRARED
COMPONENTS OF TOUCH SCREEN

The Touchscreen is an input device, so it needs to be combined with the display and a PC or
other device to make a complete touch input system.

Touch screen consists of three major components

1. Touch Sensor.
2. Controller.
3. Software driver.
 Microphone

▪ Sound = Vibrations in the air

vibration from sound source travel through air to our ear.

vibration picked up in our ear and converted to sound we can hear.

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Working Principle of
Microphone

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 Types of
Microphone
1. Dynamic: Dynamic microphones are
just ordinary microphones that use
diaphragms, magnets, and coils.

2. Condenser:Condenser
microphones work a slightly different
way by using a diaphragm to move the
metal plates of a capacitor (an electric-
charge storing device) and generate a
current that way.

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 Types of Microphone
3. Ribbon: The ribbon microphone
consists of a corrugated aluminium ribbon
suspended edgewise between the poles of a
magnet. The ribbon microphone is designed
so that there are only very small gaps
between the edges of the ribbon and the
magnet sides. This means that the ribbon is
moved by the velocity of the air rather then
the sound pressure acting upon it.

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 Webcam

A webcam is a video camera that feeds

or streams its image in real time to or through
a computer to a computer network.
The term "webcam" may also be used in its
original sense of a video camera connected to
the Web continuously for an indefinite time,
rather than for a particular session, generally
supplying a view for anyone who visits its web
page over the Internet. Some of them, for
example, those used as online traffic cameras,
are expensive, rugged professional video
cameras.

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Working Principle of Webcam

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 Scanner

• An image scanner—often abbreviated

to just scanner, is a device that
optically scans images, printed text,
handwriting or an object and converts
it to a digital image.
• Small Computer System Interface
( SCSI )
• An application such as Photoshop uses
the TWAIN program to read in the
image.
Working of a Flatbed Scanner

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Flatbed Scanner

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Handheld Scanner

Digital Portal Handheld Scanner QR Barcode Scanner

CONNECTORS

1. PS/2(Personal system/2)
The PS/2 port is a 6-pin connector used for connecting keyboards and mice to a PC
compatible computer system.
2. USB – Universal Serial Bus
USB was designed to standardize the connection of peripherals to personal computers.
 Output Device

• MONITOR
• PRINTER
• SPEAKER

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Monitors
• A monitor is an electronic visual
computer display that includes a screen,
circuitry and the case in which that
circuitry is enclosed.
• LCD and LED monitors are generally
used in devices like laptops, PDAs and
desktop computers because they are
lighter and more energy efficient.
• A monitor is also known as a screen or a
visual display unit (VDU).

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Liquid Crystal Display
• A Liquid Crystal Display or LCD draws its
definition from its name itself it uses a liquid
crystal to produce a visible image.
• LCD is configured by placing a liquid crystals in
between the two parallel sheets of glass, behind
which the Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamp(CCFL)
is designed for backlight.

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Light Emitting Diode(LED) Display
• An LED screen is actually an LCD screen, but
instead of having a normal CCFL backlight, it uses
light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as a source of light
behind the screen.
• An LED is more energy efficient and a lot smaller
than a CCFL, enabling a thinner television screen.
 Printer
• A printer is an external hardware output
device that takes the electronic data stored
on a computer or other device and
generates a hard copy of it.

• Printers vary in size, speed, sophistication,

and cost.
Working of Printer

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 Inkjet Printer
• Inkjet printers are the most
commonly used type of printer, and
range from small inexpensive
consumer models to expensive
professional machines.
• A typical inkjet printer can produce
copy with a resolution of at least
300 dots per inch ( dpi ).
Laser Printer
• A laser printer is a popular
type of personal
computer printer that uses a
non-impact (keys don't
strike the paper),
photocopier technology.
• A color laser printer is up to
10 times more expensive
than a monochrome laser
printer.
SPEAKER
 CPU

CPU is considered as the brain of the computer.

CPU has following three components.

• Memory or Storage Unit
• Control Unit
• ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit)
Parts of a CPU:

1. ALU - The arithmetic logic unit executes all calculations within the CPU
2. CU - control unit, coordinates how data moves around
CPU exchanges data with memory. For this CPU uses two internal resisters.
PROCESSOR

Every Intel Processor has numbers.

The three numbers before the suffix letter are the Stock Keeping Unit (SKU) numeric digits
and also provide information on the processing power.
MULTI-CORE PROCESSOR

A common type of processor is the Central Processing Unit (CPU). A multi-core processor is
generally defined as an integrated circuit to which two or more independent processors
(called cores) are attached.
CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer)
• The CISC architecture contains a large set of computer
instructions that range from very simple to very complex
and specialized.
• It was invented to minimize the instruction per program
including more the cycles per second.
• Memory to memory: “LOAD” and “STORE” incorporated
instruction.
• It is used in Desktops and Laptops.

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RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computers)
• RISC is a type of microprocessor architecture that utilizes
a small, highly-optimized set of instructions, rather than a
more specialized set of instructions often found in other
types of architectures.
• There is one cycle per instruction.
• Register to register: “LOAD” and “STORE” are
independent instruction.
• It is used in Tablets and smart phones.

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 Operation

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Parallelism
• Multiprogramming - Multiprogramming is also the ability of an operating system to execute
more than one program on a single processor machine. More than one task can reside into
the main memory at one point of time. A computer running excel and chrome browser
simultaneously is an example of multiprogramming.

• Multitasking - Multitasking is the ability of an operating system to execute more than one
task simultaneously on a single processor machine. CPU switches from one task to the next
task so quickly that appears as if all the tasks are executing at the same time. More than one
task can reside into the same CPU at one point of time.

• Multiprocessing - Multiprocessing is the ability of an operating system to execute more than

one process simultaneously on a multi processor machine. In this, a computer uses more
than one CPU at a time.
• Multithreading - Multithreading is the ability of an operating system to execute the different
parts of a program called threads at the same time. Threads are the light wait processes
which are independent part of a process or program. In multithreading system, more than
one threads are executed parallel on a single CPU.

• Hyperthreading - Hyperthreading is a process where a CPU splits each of its physical core
into virtual cores. Hyper-Threading allows each core to do two things simultaneously. It
increases CPU performance by improving the processor’s efficiency, thereby allowing you to
run multiple demanding apps at the same time or use heavily-threaded apps without the PC
lagging.

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 MEMORY

• PRIMARY MEMORY
• SECONDARY MEMORY
• CACHE MEMORY
LEVELS OF MEMORY
 RAM (Random Access Memory)
• RAM (Random Access Memory) stores
application programs and data in current
use, so they can be quickly accessed.
• Stored in motherboard in modulus that are
called DIMMs (Dual Inline Memory Module).
• DIMMs can have 168,184,240 or 288 pins.
• RAM is installed on the motherboard in
memory slots.

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Types of RAM
 DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)

• Contains capacitors .
• Capacitors are charged dynamically.
• Operates asynchronously with
system clock.
• There are three type of DRAM:-
SRAM,DRAM,DDR DRAM.
• DRAM has three types
DDR,DDR2,DDR3 and DDR4.
WHAT IS MOTHERBOARD

A motherboard is the main printed circuit board in a computer. The motherboard is a

computer’s central communications backbone connectivity point, through which all
components and external peripherals connect.
TYPES OF MOTHERBOARD

Motherboards come in different sizes, known as form factors.

 KEY COMPONENTS
CHIPSETS - A chipset is a group of interdependent motherboard chips or integrated circuits
that control the flow of data and instructions between the central processing unit .
 MEMORY MODULES
• A memory module is another name for a RAM chip.

• Memory modules come in different sizes and have several different pin configurations.

TYPES OF MEMORY MODULES

1. SIMM(Single In line Memory Module)

2. DIMM (Dual In line Memory Module)
3. RIMM (Rambus In line Memory Module
 SOCKETS

• Sockets allow communication between two different processes

on the same or different machines.

TYPES OF SOCKETS

1. PGA SOCKET(Pin Grid Array)

2. LGA SOCKET(Land Grid Array)
 BUS

• A bus is a subsystem that is used to connect computer

components and transfer data between them.

TYPES OF BUS

1.CONTROL BUS
2.DATA BUS
3.ADDRESS BUS
 Expansion Slots

• PCI
 A Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)
slot is a connecting apparatus for a 32-bit
computer bus. 1 port PCI Adapter Card

• ISA
 ISA is a type of bus used in PCs for adding
expansion cards.
• AGP
 The Accelerated Graphics Port was designed as
a high-speed point-to-point channel for
attaching a video card to a computer system,
primarily to assist in the acceleration of 3D
computer graphics.
• CNR
 Communications and networking riser is a
slot found on certain PC motherboards and
used for specialized networking, audio, and
telephony equipment.
• AMR
 It was designed by Intel to interface with
chipsets and provide analog functionality,
such as sound cards and modems, on an
expansion card..

• VESA
 VESA provide a standardized high-speed
conduit intended primarily to accelerate video
operations
• ISA
 ISA allows 16 bits at a time to flow between
the motherboard circuitry and an expansion
slot card and its associated device(s).
What is BIOS?
• BIOS (basic input/output
system) is the program a
computer's microprocessor
uses to get the computer
system started after you turn
it on
• A power-on self-test (POST)
for all of the different
hardware components in the
system to make sure
everything is working
properly
 CMOS
• CMOS (short for complementary metal-oxide-
semiconductor) is the term usually used to describe the
small amount of memory on a computer motherboard
that stores the BIOS settings.
• Some of these BIOS settings include the system time and
date as well as hardware settings.
THANK YOU
ANY QUESTION ?
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