CHAPTER FOUR: COMMON BUSINESS APPLICATIONS OF

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

• What we saw thus far are:-

– computer information systems
– the decision making process and
– the basic computer resources available to the manager.

• What next?
– How do we use these in the management of:-
• finance,
• marketing,
• manufacturing and production and
• human resources.
 COMMON BUSINESS APPLICATIONS …

• FINANCIAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS

– The financial decisions you may encounter as a manger are diverse and could
include decisions similar to these:
• Should you purchase a large new piece of equipment or lease the equipment for a
three-year period?
• How much of your department's funds should you allocate to telephone usage
rather than travel expenses?
• How much does your division have on hand at various times during the year and is
it enough to cover the cash expenditures you expect to incur at those times?
• Should you invest money in new computer equipment or additional merchandise for
resale?
• How will a 20% utility rate increase affect your budget for the coming year?
• Should you allow a particular customer to make a large purchase on credit?
• Should your organization decide to offer a new product or service, or should it
provide the same products and services in additional markets?
 COMMON BUSINESS APPLICATIONS …

• THE FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

FUNCTION
– monitoring and analyzing the organization's
financial condition
– Budgeting
– customer credit management
– calculation and payment of income, payroll,
property, excise and other taxes
– the management of appropriate insurance
coverage.
 COMMON BUSINESS APPLICATIONS …

– Management of the organization's

• fixed assets,
• pension funds, and
• investment.
– evaluation of new investments and the acquisition
of borrowed funds or capital to pay for them.
– Management of the cash flow of the organization.
 COMMON BUSINESS APPLICATIONS …

• financial management personnel require

information systems that provide them with
– accurate,
– timely and
– appropriate information to carry out their functions.
 COMMON BUSINESS APPLICATIONS …

• OPERATIONAL FINANCIAL INFORMATION

SYSTEMS
– paychecks,
– checks to vendors,
– customer invoices,
– purchase orders,
– stocks reports, and
– other regular forms and reports.
 COMMON BUSINESS APPLICATIONS …

• ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS
– The heart of an organization's financial operating
information system is the accounting system.
– The subsystem modules include
• General ledger subsystem
• Fixed assets subsystem
• The Sales Order Processing Subsystem
• Accounts receivable Subsystem
• The Accounts Payable Subsystem
• The Inventory Control Subsystem
• The Purchase order Processing Subsystem
• The Payroll Subsystem
 COMMON BUSINESS APPLICATIONS …

1. General ledger subsystem

– ties to other financial accounting systems
together,
– provides managers with periodic account reports
and statements, such as
• an income statement and
• a balance sheet, and
• provides support for budgeting.
 COMMON BUSINESS APPLICATIONS …

2. Fixed assets subsystem

– maintains records of equipment, property, and other long
term assets an organization owns.
– The records include
• the original cost of the assets,
• the depreciation rate on each asset or groups of assets,
• the accumulated depreciation to date, and
• book value of the asset,
• maintain and process data on the gain or loss on the sale of fixed
assets and prepare special income tax forms for fixed assets
required by the federal government.
 COMMON BUSINESS APPLICATIONS …

3. The Sales Order Processing Subsystem

– Routinely records sales orders
– Provides the documents that other subsystems use
– Tracks the sales made by each sales person
– Provides input to the payroll subsystem so that salesperson’s
commissions can be accumulated.
– Provide information to the shipping department to ensure that the
correct stock is sent to the customer;
– Provide for backorders when there is not enough stock on the
shelves;
– Accurately figure prices, totals, discounts, and taxes on the order;
and allow a quick and accurate response to customer inquiries
about the status of the order.
 COMMON BUSINESS APPLICATIONS …

4. Accounts receivable Subsystem

– Inputs
• sales invoices,
• credit memoranda, and
• cash received from customers.
– Outputs
• monthly customer statements of account and
• a schedule of accounts receivable listing each account
and its balance.
• aged accounts receivable reports
 COMMON BUSINESS APPLICATIONS …

5. The Accounts Payable Subsystem

– maintains creditor account information,
– prepares checks to creditors, and
– produces the accounts payable schedule.
– provides data directly to the general ledger subsystem
– receives data from the purchase order subsystem.
– find the due dates for purchases on account and the last
date on which cash discounts may be taken on those
purchases.
– provides important operational level information that can
be used to schedule cash payments to creditors
 COMMON BUSINESS APPLICATIONS …

6. The Inventory Control Subsystem

– provides input to the general ledger subsystem
– receives input from the purchase order and the sales order
subsystems.
– The basic purpose of the subsystem is to keep track of inventory
levels and inventory costs of the organization.
– The subsystem maintains information about each stock item, such
as
• stock numbers and stock descriptions,
• receipts and issues of stock, and
• stock balances.
– may also trigger the purchase of stock when stock levels reach
certain points,
– maintain information about stock item costs, and
– maintain selling price data on each stock item.
 COMMON BUSINESS APPLICATIONS …

7. The Purchase order Processing Subsystem

– processes purchase orders and tracks
• which purchase orders have been filled,
• which stock items ordered are on backorder,
• which stock items have been damaged or do not meet the specifications
of the original order, and
• when orders are expected to be received.
– provides information to the accounts payable and inventory
subsystems.
– produces a variety of reports, including
• a backorder report listing all stock items on backorder and
• an open order report listing all purchase orders not yet received and their
expected arrival dates.
 COMMON BUSINESS APPLICATIONS …

8. The Payroll Subsystem

– processes wage and salary information
– produces weekly payroll summary reports,
overtime reports; forms for taxing agencies, such
as wage and tax statements; payroll checks for
payroll taxes owed to taxing agencies.
• The accounting subsystems might be
integrated.
 COMMON BUSINESS APPLICATIONS …

• TACTICAL FINANCIAL INFORMATION

SYSTEMS
– support management decision making by providing
managers with
• regular summary reports,
• regular exception reports,
• ad hoc reports,
• and other information that will help them to
– control their areas of responsibility and
– deploy their resources to pursue organization goals.
– Whereas operational control systems are focused on
tasks, tactical information systems are focused on
resource allocation.
 COMMON BUSINESS APPLICATIONS …

• Common systems in this area include

– budgeting systems,
– cash management systems,
– capital budgeting systems,
– investment management systems
 COMMON BUSINESS APPLICATIONS …
1. Budgeting Systems
– The general ledger subsystem of many computerized
accounting systems permits the user to enter
• budget amounts by account number. Periodically (weekly,
monthly, quarterly, or annually),
• the budgeted amounts (allocations) and the actual amounts
spent or received (actual) for each account are compared and
various reports are prepared.
– The budgeting system permits managers to compare
revenue and expense data against the standard of the
budget allocations.
– It also allows prior fiscal period, other division or
department, industry-wide data to be used as standards
against which current budget amounts may be
compared.
 COMMON BUSINESS APPLICATIONS …
2. Cash Management Systems
• There are two major reasons why an organization needs cash:
– for working capital and
– for the acquisition of long-term assets.
• To determine if adequate cash is available for these the organization must
prepare a report of its expected cash flow for the time periods being
considered.

– A cash flow report shows

• the estimated amount of cash that will be received and spent each month.
• in which months there will be cash received and spent.
• in which months there will be excess funds that might be put to use, and
• in which months there will be insufficient funds, requiring the organization to borrow
cash to meet its working capital or fixed asset acquisition needs.

• The information provided by a cash flow helps the manager make

decisions about investing, purchasing, and borrowing money.
 COMMON BUSINESS APPLICATIONS …

3. Capital Budgeting Systems

– A capital budget contains information about the planned
acquisition or disposal of major plant assets during the
current year.
– The manager may wish to compare the various capital
spending plans in terms of three commonly used
evaluation tools:
• net present value,
• internal rate of return, and
• payback period.
– These tools can easily be calculated using computer
systems. "What if?" games are performed using software
packages.
 COMMON BUSINESS APPLICATIONS …
4. Investment Management Systems
• Current information systems provide unique ways to manage stock and bond
portfolios.

• These ways typically involve the use of external databases that furnish
– immediate updating of stock and bond prices,
– information about the history of each investment, and
– various portfolio investment analysis tools to help the manager stay on top of the
organization' s investments.

• Possible information that can be generated are

– current dividend,
– price history, price stability index,
– projected changes earnings, current earnings per share,
– debt as a percent of capital,
– dividends history,
– industry ranking,
– low price per year and the like.
 COMMON BUSINESS APPLICATIONS …

STRATEGIC FINANCIAL INFORMATION

SYSTEMS
– Whereas Operational- level information systems are task oriented and
tactical-level information systems are resource allocation oriented;
strategic information systems are goal oriented.

– Strategic information systems typically include several types of

information flows:
• Financial condition analysis data or an analysis of internally generated
information describing the status of the organization,
• Economic, demographic, and social data or an analysis of externally
generated data describing the present and future environment for the
organization,
• Forecasts of the future of that organization in those environments.
 COMMON BUSINESS APPLICATIONS …

– Two major outcomes of financial strategic

planning are
• the setting of financial goals and
• directions for the organization.
– The former may include setting investment goals and return on
investment goals.
– The latter may involve deciding on new investment
opportunities or on the mix of capital sources used to fund the
organization.
 COMMON BUSINESS APPLICATIONS …

– A major source of computerized information about the current and

future status of the organization is the
• organization's own financial accounting database.

– A promising source of computerized information pertaining to the

present and future environment in which the organization must operate
are
• on-line databases for economic, social, demographic, technological, and
political information.

– Projecting likely scenarios (minimum, base case and maximum) for the
organization using these two categories of data is the art of
forecasting.

– A major purpose of strategic decision making is to use long-range

forecasts to reduce the risk involved in major organization decisions.
 COMMON BUSINESS APPLICATIONS …

• Common systems in this area include

– Financial Conditions Analysis Systems
– Long-Range Forecasting Systems
 COMMON BUSINESS APPLICATIONS …

1. Financial Conditions Analysis Systems

• Computerized accounting systems provide the user
with a variety of reports on which many ratios and
analysis tools may be applied.
– Example,
» working capital = current assets - current liabilities,
» return on assets = Profits after tax/Average assets.
 COMMON BUSINESS APPLICATIONS …

2. Long-Range Forecasting Systems

– Forecasting the sales revenue of a potential new product makes
important information available to planners considering the
• development and marketing of the new product.
– Forecasting the financial health of the organization through the long-
range budget estimates --- including a variety of possible
• wage negotiation settlement,
• actions by competitors,
• interest rate fluctuations,
• fuel costs changes,
• and different inflation rates
– --provide planners with opportunities to consider actions that will help
the organization survive bad times or take advantage of a future
environment.
 COMMON BUSINESS APPLICATIONS …

– The types of information used in forecasting the

future environment of the organization are many
and diverse. They include
• descriptions of the present economy and forecasts of
the future economy,
• information on the present demographic structure of the
region or country and
• forecasts of the demographic structure of the region or
country, and
• descriptions of the current social structure and social
mores and predictions on the future structure of society
and societal mores.
 COMMON BUSINESS APPLICATIONS …

• ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

SOFTWARE
– General and specialized software are available in this area.
• General software products are not designed specially for the financial
manager and may be used by most people.
• Specialized software products have been designed especially for the
financial manager.

• GENERAL SOFTWARE TOOLS: General software helpful to

the financial manager includes
– spreadsheet software,
– forecasting and statistical software,
– query language and
– report writer software.
 COMMON BUSINESS APPLICATIONS …

1. Spreadsheet Software
– Spreadsheet software packages provide a versatile tool
for financial managers.
– Spreadsheet software allows the manager to design
partially completed tables or forms called templates,
which contain the headings and names of the items in the
spreadsheet.
– The templates also contain the formulas used to calculate
• column or row totals,
• column or row averages,
• and other statistical quantities on the values entered into the
template.
 COMMON BUSINESS APPLICATIONS …

2. Forecasting and Statistical Software

– Many financial analysis tasks involve forecasting future
events and require that you use statistical tools.
• For example, you may wish to forecast the changes in the price of
the energy you organization uses to heat, cool, and power its
activities.
• To do that, you may wish to extrapolate the future price of energy
using its previous five-year price history.
• You may also wish to display this information using a line graph.
 COMMON BUSINESS APPLICATIONS …

3. Query Language and Report Writer Software

– If your database management system contains a query language, a report
writer, or both, then these tools can be used to poke through the data in the
database to find useful information to your ad hoc questions about financial
management.
– A report writer is a software tool that allows you to identify what data items in a
record you wish to list on a report and then allows you to format the report as
you would like it.
• For example, the software might ask you
– what heading you would like for the report,
– what data items you wish to list on the report,
– what column headings you wish to give each data item listed, and
– what you want to do with the columns of data
• The software may be used to find the average for the column, sum the column, and
so on.
– A report writer provides you with the ability to extract data from the database
and to format it to be useful to you – without the aid of the data processing
department.
 COMMON BUSINESS APPLICATIONS …

4. Computerized Accounting Systems

– Commercially packaged accounting system software contains the operating-
level software used to produce
• the invoices,
• checks,
• monthly financial statements, and
• other regular,
• routine output necessary to run an organization.
– In addition, many computerized accounting systems provide a variety of
features, including financial analysis tools for the tactical decision maker and
strategic planner, such as the various financial statement ratio analyses.
– The manager can produce data automatically simply by selecting reports from
a menu displayed by the software.
– Other software packages (known as vertical accounting software) for
specialized sectors such as health are also available in the market.
 COMMON BUSINESS APPLICATIONS …

5. Computerized Auditing Software

– A number of computerized auditing programs are
available to assist auditors when they evaluate or monitor
a computerized accounting system.
• For example, many software companies and accounting firms
have developed generalized audit software that can be used by
EDP auditors to help them evaluate electronic accounting system
files.
– Generalized audit software provides
• access to the computer files;
• lets EDP auditors create audit files, extract data, and analyze data
statistically;
• sorts, summarizes, and samples data; and generates reports.