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Basic Computer OrganizationCommon Bus System and Instructions

The document discusses the common bus system and instruction types in a basic computer organization. It describes how the registers are connected via a shared bus to reduce circuitry. The bus uses control lines to select which register will receive input. It also outlines the basic computer instruction format and examples of instruction codes for memory operations, register operations, I/O, and completeness of the instruction set.

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HARI HARAN REDDY
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55 views9 pages

Basic Computer OrganizationCommon Bus System and Instructions

The document discusses the common bus system and instruction types in a basic computer organization. It describes how the registers are connected via a shared bus to reduce circuitry. The bus uses control lines to select which register will receive input. It also outlines the basic computer instruction format and examples of instruction codes for memory operations, register operations, I/O, and completeness of the instruction set.

Uploaded by

HARI HARAN REDDY
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic Computer Organization

Common Bus System and Instruction Types

Computer Organization and


Design
Agenda
 Instruction Codes

 Computer Registers

 Common Bus System

 Computer Instructions

 Timing and Control

 Instruction Cycle

 Memory Reference Instructions

 Input-Output and Interrupt

 Complete Computer Description


Common Bus System

 The registers in the Basic Computer are connected using a bus


 This gives a savings in circuitry over complete connections between
registers
Common Bus System
S2
S1 Bus
S0
Memory unit 7
4096 x 16
Address
Write Read
AR 1

LD INR CLR
PC 2

LD INR CLR
DR 3

LD INR CLR
E
ALU AC 4

LD INR CLR

INPR

IR 5
LD
TR 6
LD INR CLR
OUTR
Clock
LD
Common Bus System
 Three control lines, S2, S1, and S0 control which register the bus
selects as its input
S2 S1 S0 Register
0 0 0 x
0 0 1 AR
0 1 0 PC
0 1 1 DR
1 0 0 AC
1 0 1 IR
1 1 0 TR
1 1 1 Memory

 Either one of the registers will have its load signal activated, or the
memory will have its read signal activated
Will determine where the data from the bus gets loaded
 The 12-bit registers, AR and PC, have 0’s loaded onto the bus in the
high order 4 bit positions
 When the 8-bit register OUTR is loaded from the bus, the data
comes from the low order 8 bits on the bus
Basic Computer Instructions

Basic Computer Instruction Format

1. Memory-Reference Instructions (OP-code = 000 ~ 110)


15 14 12 11 0
I Opcode Address

2. Register-Reference Instructions (OP-code = 111, I = 0)


15 12 11 0
0 1 1 1 Register operation

3. Input-Output Instructions (OP-code =111, I = 1)


15 12 11 0
1 1 1 1 I/O operation
Basic Computer Instructions
Hex Code
Symbol I=0 I=1 Description
AND 0xxx 8xxx AND memory word to AC
ADD 1xxx 9xxx Add memory word to AC
LDA 2xxx Axxx Load AC from memory
STA 3xxx Bxxx Store content of AC into memory
BUN 4xxx Cxxx Branch unconditionally
BSA 5xxx Dxxx Branch and save return address
ISZ 6xxx Exxx Increment and skip if zero

CLA 7800 Clear AC


CLE 7400 Clear E
CMA 7200 Complement AC
CME 7100 Complement E
CIR 7080 Circulate right AC and E
CIL 7040 Circulate left AC and E
INC 7020 Increment AC
SPA 7010 Skip next instr. if AC is positive
SNA 7008 Skip next instr. if AC is negative
SZA 7004 Skip next instr. if AC is zero
SZE 7002 Skip next instr. if E is zero
HLT 7001 Halt computer

INP F800 Input character to AC


OUT F400 Output character from AC
SKI F200 Skip on input flag
SKO F100 Skip on output flag
ION F080 Interrupt on
IOF F040 Interrupt off
Instruction Set Completeness
A computer should have a set of instructions so that the user can
construct machine language programs to evaluate any function that is
known to be computable.
Instruction Types

 Functional Instructions
- Arithmetic, logic, and shift instructions
- ADD, CMA, INC, CIR, CIL, AND, CLA
Transfer Instructions
- Data transfers between the main memory and the processor
registers
- LDA, STA
Control Instructions
- Program sequencing and control
- BUN, BSA, ISZ
Input/output Instructions
- Input and output
- INP, OUT

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