Cloud Computing

Lecture 1
 UNIT I - UNDERSTANDING CLOUD
COMPUTING

Cloud Computing –
History of Cloud Computing –
Cloud Architecture –
Cloud Storage –
Early models Cloud Computing
Advantages of Cloud Computing
Disadvantages of Cloud Computing –
Companies in the Cloud Today –
Cloud Services
Challenges
 Example
• Facebook has close to 757 million active users daily
with 2 million photos viewed every second, more
than 3 billion photos uploaded every month, and
more than one million websites use Facebook
Connect with 50 million operations every second.
Distributed Computing Systems alone cannot
provide such high availability, resistant to failure
and scalability. Thus, Cloud computing or rather
Cloud Distributed Computing is the need of the
hour to meet the computing challenges.
 What is ?
• Cloud computing is a technology that uses the
internet and central remote servers to
maintain data and applications.

• A simple example of cloud computing is Yahoo email or Gmail etc

• A style of computing where massively scalable

(and elastic) IT-related capabilities are
provided “as a service” to external customers
using Internet technologies
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Cloud
CloudArchitecture
Architecture
 Cloud Storage
• Several large Web companies (such as Amazon and
Google) are now exploiting the fact that they have
data storage capacity that can be hired out to
others.
• This approach, known as cloud storage allows data
stored remotely to be temporarily cached on
desktop computers, mobile phones or other
Internet-linked devices.
• Amazon’s Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) and Simple
Storage Solution (S3) are well known examples.
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Different Cloud Computing Layers
MS Live/ExchangeLabs, IBM,
Application Service
Google Apps; Salesforce.com
(SaaS) Quicken Online, Zoho, Cisco

Google App Engine, Mosso,

Application Platform(PaaS) Force.com, Engine Yard,
Facebook, Heroku, AWS

Server Platform(IaaS) 3Tera, EC2, SliceHost,

GoGrid, RightScale, Linode

Storage Platform(IaaS) Amazon S3, Dell, Apple, ...

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 Early Models of Cloud Computing
• Basic reasoning: information and data processing can be done more
efficiently on large farms of computing and storage systems accessible via
the Internet.
• Two early models:
1. Grid computing – initiated by the National Labs in the early 1990s;
targeted primarily at scientific computing.
– “Grid computing is the collection of computer resources from multiple locations
to reach a common goal. The grid can be thought of as a distributed system with
non-interactive workloads that involve a large number of files.” from Wikipedia
2. Utility computing – initiated in 2005-2006 by IT companies and targeted
at enterprise computing.
– “Utility computing is a service provisioning model in which a service provider
makes computing resources and infrastructure management available to the
customer as needed, and charges them for specific usage rather than a flat
rate.” from Wikipedia
• Cluster Computing
is a collection of tightly or loosely connected computers that
work together so that they act as a single entity. The
connected computers execute operations all together thus
creating the idea of a single system. The clusters are
generally connected through fast local area networks (LANs)

• Super Computing
Supercomputing is a form of high-performance computing
that determines or calculates using a powerful computer, a
supercomputer, reducing overall time to solution.
 Merits of Cloud Computing
• Cost:
Well with all the required software and even hard drives accessible from the cloud, the
budget of the business is greatly reduced. There are no infrastructure costs or other
Capex (capital expenses). End to expensive servers, routers, etc. When the business is
having less or very optimum investment then cloud is the right option. However the
expense in cloud scenario is “all or nothing” policy.
• Easy to learn and use:
If you have used Gmail, Google Docs, then cloud is nothing new to you. Since the staff
would be a well expertise in Gmail and other basic cloud concepts, no special training
is required; thereby satisfying the time and the cost constraint. Obviously, now there
would no need to hire experienced expensive IT professionals, since this application is
a trouble-free one.
• Flexibility:
Documents, software, hard drive, storage equipment, etc anything can be accessed from
anywhere through cloud; hence no need for the staffs to be office to do the work.
Moreover this allows staff to work at anytime thus increasing staff morale.
• Maintenance:
No more software updates, reinstalling of applications or even sorting out of software
problems since these problems would be sorted out remotely, thus the employee can
concentrate more on his/her own work. 12
 Demerits of Cloud computing
• Security:
Security is the X-Factor for any business. Just imagine your data being visible to all, or maybe your
business strategies visible to all? Negative point, right? That’s what the scenario in cloud computing
is; your data will be shared with other companies on the same platform. Of course your cloud vendor
will have a higher level of security than the one you have in-house. Still regarding security cloud
can’t be rated excellent.
• Intellectual property (IP) issues:
There can be a bit chaos as most cloud providers will have different requisites and conditions regarding
tenure of the data. To overcome this demerit, you must have read the fine print and understand
things like when can you access your data, what happens to your data is your vendor ebbs,
distribution rights, etc initially. Also keep an eye on the rules to know whether breach of any kind
may occur for your IP.
• Wireless connections:
Connecting to wireless devices is not the easiest task to do. This problem is for small scale industries
rather than larger business since larger companies have well structured network thus making
wireless connections easy. Sometimes certain softwares are designed to relate to certain PCs alone
in that case even usage of software maybe a problem.

• Performance and Reliability:

Since everything you access is online, there might be a risk in CIA parameters (Confidentiality, Integrity,
and Availability). Moreover the speed of your process depends on the speed of the network (when
there is network traffic, the speed of our process may collapse). Additionally there can be noise in
the media if any major application is down. In order to overcome this you must review the SLA
(Service Level Agreement). 13
 Who Benefits from Cloud Computing

• Collaborators
• Road Warriors
• Cost-Conscious Users
• Cost-Conscious IT Departments
• Users with Increasing Needs
 Top Cloud Service Providers

• With that M&A activity as background, here are my rankings for the Top 30 Cloud Service
Providers Gaining Mind Share in 3Q 2010.
• Amazon Web Services (AWS), Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2),
Simple Storage Service (S3), andVirtual Private Cloud (VPC)
• Salesforce.com / Sales Cloud 2 (CRM), Service Cloud 2 (Support),
Force.com (Development Platform), Chatter (Collaboration)
• Google Apps (AppEngine)
• Citrix – XenServer (Virtualization)

• VMWare – vSphere (Virtualization)

• Rackspace – Mosso
• 3PAR
• Cisco
• IBM Smart Business, Cloudburst
• AT&T (American Telephone & Telegraph co)Synaptic
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Some Commercial Cloud Offerings

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Cloud Computing Models, Resources, Attributes
Delivery models
Software as a Service (SaaS) Deployment models
Platform as a Service (PaaS) Public cloud

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) Private cloud

Community cloud
Hybrid cloud

Cloud computing
Infrastructure
Distributed infrastructure
Defining attributes
Resource virtualization
Massive infrastructure
Autonomous systems
Utility computing. Pay-per-usage
Resources
Accessible via the Internet
Compute & storage servers
Networks Services Elasticity

Applications

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 Types Of Cloud
1. Public Cloud - the infrastructure is made available to the general
public or a large industry group and is owned by the organization
selling cloud services.

2. Private Cloud – the infrastructure is operated solely for an

organization.

3. Hybrid Cloud - composition of two or more Clouds (public, private, or

community) as unique entities but bound by a standardised
technology that enables data and application portability.

4. Other types: e.g., Community/Federated Cloud - the infrastructure is

shared by several organizations and supports a community that has
shared concerns.
 Challenges of Cloud Computing
1. Availability of service: what happens when the service provider
cannot deliver?

2. Data confidentiality and auditability, a serious problem.

3. Diversity of services, data organization, user interfaces available

at different service providers limit user mobility; once a
customer is hooked to one provider it is hard to move to
another.

4. Data transfer bottleneck; many applications are data-intensive.

 More Challenges
5. Performance unpredictability, one of the consequences of resource
sharing.
– How to use resource virtualization and performance isolation for QoS
guarantees?
– How to support elasticity, the ability to scale up and down quickly?

6. Resource management: It is a big challenge to manage different

workloads running on large data centers. Are self-organization and self-
management the solution?

7. Security and confidentiality: major concern for sensitive applications,

e.g., healthcare applications.

Addressing these challenges is on-going work!

 Ethical issues
Paradigm shift with implications on computing ethics:
The control is relinquished to third party services.
Data is stored on multiple sites administered by
several organizations.
Multiple services interoperate across the network.
Implications:
Unauthorised access.
Data corruption.
Infrastructure failure, and service unavailability.

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 De-perimeterisation
Systems can span the boundaries of multiple organisations and cross the security
borders.

The complex structure of Cloud services can make it difficult to determine who is
responsible in case something undesirable happens.

Identity fraud and theft are made possible by the unauthorised access to personal
data in circulation and by new forms of dissemination through social networks
and they could also pose a danger to Cloud Computing.

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 Privacy issues
Cloud service providers have already collected petabytes of
sensitive personal information stored in data centers around the
world. The acceptance of Cloud Computing therefore will be
determined by privacy issues addressed by these companies and
the countries where the data centers are located.

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 Vulnerabilities
• Clouds are affected by malicious attacks and failures
of the infrastructure, e.g., power failures.

• Such events can affect the Internet domain name

servers and prevent access to a Cloud or can directly
affect the Clouds:
• in 2004 an attack at Akamai caused a domain name outage and a
major blackout that affected Google, Yahoo, and other sites.
• in 2009, Google was the target of a denial of service attack which
took down Google News and Gmail for several days;
• in 2012 lightning caused a prolonged down time at Amazon.
 Cloud Computing Service Layers
Services Description
Services – Complete business services such as PayPal, OpenID,
Services OAuth, Google Maps, Alexa

Application – Cloud based software that eliminates the need

Application
Application for local installation such as Google Apps, Microsoft Online
Focused
Development – Software development platforms used to
Development build custom cloud based applications (PAAS & SAAS) such as
SalesForce

Platform – Cloud based platforms, typically provided using

Platform virtualization, such as Amazon ECC, Sun Grid

Storage – Data storage or cloud based NAS such as CTERA,

Infrastructure Storage iDisk, CloudNAS

Focused
Hosting – Physical data centers such as those run by IBM, HP,
Hosting NaviSite, etc.

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Thankyou