Krugman Unit 7 Modules 37-40

AP MACRO
MR. LIPMAN
KRUGMAN MODULES 37-40
ECONOMIC GROWTH &
PRODUCTIVITY
Module 37
Standard of living (or quality of life) can be
measured, in part, by how well the economy is
doing…
But it needs to be adjusted to reflect the size of
the nation’s population.
• Real GDP per capita is real GDP divided by the

total population. It identifies on average how
many products each person makes.
Real GDP per capita is the best measure of a
nation’s standard of living.
2
There are some problems with using GDP to measure
a nation’s true standard of living
3
The top 5 most populated countries
4
GDP Per Capita
5
•Real GDP per Capital
Real GDP per Capital
Growth Rates
Rule of 70
The Sources of Long-Run
Growth
Physical Capital
(Machinery)
Human Capital
(Education)
Technology
(new methods of
production)
Sample Problem
• Real per capita GDP is:
A) real GDP divided by the population
B) real GDP divided by the amount of capital
available in the economy
C) not a good useful measure of human welfare
D) the depth of the ocean floor for sea monsters
E) measures the value of the nation’s financial
markets
Sample Problem
• Real per capita GDP is:

A) real GDP divided by the population
B) real GDP divided by the amount of capital
available in the economy
C) not a good useful measure of human welfare
D) the depth of the ocean floor for sea monsters
E) measures the value of the nation’s financial
markets
Sample Problem
• The key statistic to measure economic growth

is:
A) the size of the government’s budget
B) real GDP per capita
C) life expectancy
D) the Dow Jones stock market index
E) the size of the national debt
Sample Problem
• The key statistic to measure economic growth

is:
A) the size of the government’s budget
B) real GDP per capita
C) life expectancy
D) the Dow Jones stock market index
E) the size of the national debt
Sample Problem
• If a country has a population of 1,000 an area
of 100 square miles, and a GDP of $5,000,000,
then its GDP per capita is:
A) $500
B) $5,000
C) $50,000
D) 5,000,000
E) $50
Sample Problem
• If a country has a population of 1,000 an area
of 100 square miles, and a GDP of $5,000,000,
then its GDP per capita is:
A) $500
B) $5,000
C) $50,000
D) 5,000,000
E) $50
Sample Problem
• The rule of 70 indicates that a 6% annual
increase in the potential level of real GDP
would lead to the potential output doubling in
about _____years.
A) 6
B) 12
C) 24
D) 30
E) 35
Sample Problem
• The rule of 70 indicates that a 6% annual
increase in the potential level of real GDP
would lead to the potential output doubling in
about _____years.
A) 6
B) 12
C) 24
D) 30
E) 35
Sample Problem
• If real GDP doubles in 35 years, its average
annual growth rate is approximately______?
A) 1%
B) 2%
C) 3%
D) 4%
E) 7%
Sample Problem
• If real GDP doubles in 35 years, its average
annual growth rate is approximately______?
A) 1%
B) 2%
C) 3%
D) 4%
E) 7%
Sample Problem
• The Rule of 70 applies:
A) only to GDP
B) only to GDP per capita
C) to any growth rate
D) only to developed countries
E) only in games of horseshoes
Sample Problem
• The Rule of 70 applies:
A) only to GDP
B) only to GDP per capita
C) to any growth rate
D) only to developed countries
E) only in games of horseshoes
Module 38
PRODUCTIVITY AND GROWTH

Accounting for Growth:
The Aggregate
Production Function
• Aggregate Production
Function
• Diminishing Returns to
Physical Capital
• Growth Accounting
• Total Factor Productivity

What About Natural
Resources?
•Other things equal, more natural resources leads to

higher GDP per capita
•Other things are often NOT equal (Political / Legal

instability)
•Malthus
Success, Disappointment, and
Failure
• East Asia’s Miracle
• convergence hypothesis
• Latin America’s
Disappointment
• Africa’s Troubles
Are Economies Converging?
Sample Problem
• In the long run an increase in saving will
generally:
A) reduce the rate of economic growth
B) leave the rate of economic growth unchanged
C) increase the rate of economic growth
D) increase consumption simultaneously
E) decrease the standard of living
Sample Problem
• In the long run an increase in saving will
generally:
A) reduce the rate of economic growth
B) leave the rate of economic growth unchanged
C) increase the rate of economic growth
D) increase consumption simultaneously
E) decrease the standard of living
Sample Problem
• Which of the following will NOT increase the
productivity of labor?
A) technological improvements
B) an increase in the capital stock
C) improvements in education
D) an increase in the size of the labor force
E) a lower literacy rate
Sample Problem
• Which of the following will NOT increase the
productivity of labor?
A) technological improvements
B) an increase in the capital stock
C) improvements in education
D) an increase in the size of the labor force
E) a lower literacy rate
Sample Problem
• Investment in human capital shifts the
aggregate production function:
A) downward
B) leftward
C) inward
D) rightward
E) upward
Sample Problem
• Investment in human capital shifts the
aggregate production function:
A) downward
B) leftward
C) inward
D) rightward
E) upward
Sample Problem
• Physical capital would include:
A) the education or knowledge a worker has in his
or her physical being
B) the tools a worker has to work with
C) the money available for the worker to use
D) the stocks and bonds in an individual’s portfolio
E) the natural resources a worker has to work with
Sample Problem
• Physical capital would include:
A) the education or knowledge a worker has in his
or her physical being
B) the tools a worker has to work with
C) the money available for the worker to use
D) the stocks and bonds in an individual’s portfolio
E) the natural resources a worker has to work with
Module 39: Economic Growth Policy
• Investment Spending leads to an increase in

physical capital
• Investment Spending comes from domestic

savings or inflows of foreign capital
• Business R&D is a key to increasing physical

capital
• The Role of
Government in
Promoting Economic
Growth
• Governments and
Physical Capital
• infrastructure
• Governments and
Human Capital
• Governments and
Technology
• Political Stability,
Property Rights and
Excessive
AN EXAMPLE OF HOW INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL CAN LEAD
TO INCREASED GROWTH AND A HIGHER GDP PER CAPITA
THE REAL PRICE OF OIL IS BASED ON DEMAND AND NOT IMPORTATION
ISSUE: (SEE THE NEXT SLIDE)
AS THE ECONOMY GROWS CONSUMPTION (DEMAND) GROWS WITH
IT AND THIS, NOT IMPORTATION ISSUES, ARE THE CAUSE OF
HIGHER PRICES AT THE GAS PUMP TODAY
THE ISSUE OF GROWTH AND ENVIORNMENTAL DAMAGE IS A WORLD-WIDE ISSUE AND
NOT A UNITED STATES ISSUE ALONE
ENVIORNMENTAL CONCERNS
• Pollution is a negative externality because it
allows firms to impose a cost on society
without having to pay compensation
• Many have called for “cap and trade” policies which

impose costs and limits/purchases/trades on firms
who are engaged in pollution type industries.
MODULE 40
• LONG-RUN ECONOMIC GROWTH IS BASED

UPON THE SUSTAINED RISE IN THE
PRODUCTION OF GOODS AND SERVICES
• SHORT-RUN “UPS” AND “DOWNS” ARE THE

RESULT OF THE BUSINESS CYCLE
Long-run Economic Growth and
the Production Possibilities
Curve
C’
K K’
Remember this? Economic Growth and Potential Growth for the Production
Possibility Curve
Actual and Potential Output from 1989 to 2009
• In the AD/AS model, a short-run fluctuation of
the business cycle would be seen as a shift of
the AD curve or SRAS curve. For example, a
recessionary gap may result in a decrease in
input prices and an increase in SRAS, but that
does not mean the same thing as economic
growth. Likewise, an inflationary gap results
not in growth, but in a return of the economy
to it’s long run equilibrium.
You must distinguish between long-run
growth and short-run business cycle
(SRAS)
The Long-run Aggregate Supply Curve
Long-run Growth and the LRAS Curve
From the Short Run to the Long Run: Notice the impact of wages on SRAS since wages are an input

Krugman Unit 7 Modules 37-40

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AP MACRO

• Real GDP per capita is real GDP divided by the

• Real per capita GDP is:

• The key statistic to measure economic growth

• The key statistic to measure economic growth

PRODUCTIVITY AND GROWTH

• Total Factor Productivity

•Other things equal, more natural resources leads to

•Other things are often NOT equal (Political / Legal

• Investment Spending leads to an increase in

• Investment Spending comes from domestic

• Business R&D is a key to increasing physical

• Many have called for “cap and trade” policies which

• LONG-RUN ECONOMIC GROWTH IS BASED

• SHORT-RUN “UPS” AND “DOWNS” ARE THE

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