Introduction to

Complex Numbers
•Name – Sandeep Singh

•Student Id – 202201452

•Instructor - Dr. Mohamed Elgabry

Overview
• Complex numbers are an extension of real
numbers, introducing the imaginary unit 'i' to
represent the square root of -1

• They are expressed in the form a + bi,

where 'a' is the real part and 'bi' is the
imaginary part.

• Complex numbers find wide applications in.

mathematics, physics, engineering, and
other fields due to their ability to describe
phenomena with both magnitude and
direction
Definition of Complex Numbers
• Complex numbers are mathematical entities that combine real
and imaginary parts.

• They are expressed as a + bi, where 'a' is the real part and 'bi'
is the imaginary part, with 'i' representing the imaginary unit (√(-
1)).

• Example: 3 + 4i is a complex number with a real part of 3 and

an imaginary part of 4.
Real and Imaginary Parts
• The real part of a complex number
represents its projection onto the real
number line.

• The imaginary part represents its

projection onto the imaginary number
line.

• Together, they define the complex

number's position in the complex plane.

• Example: For z = 2 + 3i, 2 is the real

part and 3 is the imaginary part.
Imaginary
Unit (i)
• The imaginary unit 'i' is defined as the square
root of -1, denoted as i = √(-1).

• It introduces the concept of imaginary numbers,

allowing solutions to equations like x^2 + 1 = 0.

• It enables the extension of mathematical

operations beyond real numbers, such as
finding roots of negative numbers.

• Example: i^2 = -1.

Complex Plane
• The complex plane is a geometric
representation of complex numbers, where the
horizontal axis denotes the real part and the
vertical axis denotes the imaginary part.

• It allows visualization and analysis of complex

numbers in a 2-dimensional space.

• Cartesian coordinates (a, b) can be mapped

onto the complex plane, with 'a' representing
the real part and 'b' representing the imaginary
part.

• Example: Plotting z = 2 + 3i on the complex

plane places it at the point (2, 3).

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC

 Exercise on Complex Plane
Plot the following complex numbers on the Argand diagram:
a) z₁ = 2 + 3i
b) z₂ = -1 - i
c) z₃ = 4i

Solution:
a) Complex number z₁ = 2 + 3i:
- Real part: 2 (x-coordinate)
- Imaginary part: 3 (y-coordinate)
- Plot a point at (2, 3) on the complex plane.

b) Complex number z₂ = -1 - i:
- Real part: -1 (x-coordinate)
- Imaginary part: -1 (y-coordinate)
- Plot a point at (-1, -1) on the complex plane.

c) Complex number z₃ = 4i:

- Real part: 0 (x-coordinate)
- Imaginary part: 4 (y-coordinate)
- Plot a point at (0, 4) on the complex plane.
Plotting Complex Numbers
Plotting complex numbers involves locating them on the complex
plane.
The horizontal position represents the real part, and the vertical
position represents the imaginary part.
It allows for easy visualization of complex numbers and
understanding their relationships.
Example: Plotting z = -1 + 2i places it in the second quadrant of
the complex plane.
Modulus of a Complex
Number
• It is calculated as |z| = √(a² + b²), where 'a'
is the real part and 'b' is the imaginary
part.

• It provides information about the

magnitude or size of the complex number.

• The modulus (or absolute value) of a

complex number measures its distance
from the origin in the complex plane.

• Example: For z = 3 + 4i, the modulus is |z|

= √(3² + 4²) = 5.
Polar Form of Complex
Numbers
• The polar form of a complex number expresses it in terms of its
modulus and argument.
• It is given by z = r(cos(θ) + i sin(θ)), where 'r' is the modulus
and 'θ' is the argument.

• Polar form provides a compact representation and facilitates

certain mathematical operations.

• It enables a deeper understanding of the geometric properties

of complex numbers.

• Example: Converting z = 3 + 4i to polar form gives z = 5(cos(θ)

+ i sin(θ)), where θ is the argument.
Argument of a
Complex Number
• The argument of a complex number
measures the angle it makes with the
positive real axis in the complex plane.

• It is usually represented in radians or

degrees.

• It provides information about the direction

or orientation of the complex number.

• Example: For z = 1 + i, the argument is π/4

radians or 45 degrees.
Operations with Complex Numbers
• Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of complex numbers follow algebraic
rules similar to those for real numbers.

• Complex multiplication combines magnitudes and adds arguments.

• Division involves dividing magnitudes and subtracting arguments.

• These operations are essential for solving equations and performing calculations
involving complex numbers.

• Example: Performing addition and multiplication operations on complex numbers.

 • Addition: To add two complex numbers z₁ = a + bi and z ₂
= c + di, add their real and imaginary parts separately: (a
Operations + c) + (b + d)i.

with • - Subtraction: Similarly, subtract the real and imaginary

parts separately: (a - c) + (b - d)i.
Complex
Numbers • - Significance: Addition and subtraction of complex
numbers involve the combination of real and imaginary
(Addition components, where the real parts are added (or
subtracted) separately from the imaginary parts.
and
• - Example: Perform addition and subtraction for z₁ = 2 +
Subtraction) 3i and z₂ = 4 - 2i. For addition, (2 + 3i) + (4 - 2i) = (2 + 4)
+ (3 - 2)i = 6 + i. For subtraction, (2 + 3i) - (4 - 2i) = (2 - 4)
+ (3 + 2)i = -2 + 5i.
 Addition and Subtraction of Complex Numbers – Exercise

- Exercise: Perform the following addition and subtraction operations with complex numbers:
- a) \( (2 + 3i) + (4 - 2i) \)
- b) \( (5 - 2i) - (3 + 4i) \)
- c) \( (1 + 2i) + (3 + 5i) - (2 - 3i) \)

- Instructions: Add or subtract the complex numbers as indicated, and express the result in the
form \( a + bi \).
- Solution:

- a) For \( (2 + 3i) + (4 - 2i) \), add the real parts separately and the imaginary parts separately: \
( (2 + 4) + (3 - 2)i = 6 + i \).

- b) For \( (5 - 2i) - (3 + 4i) \), subtract the real parts separately and the imaginary parts
separately: \( (5 - 3) + (-2 - 4)i = 2 - 6i \).

- c) For \( (1 + 2i) + (3 + 5i) - (2 - 3i) \), first perform addition and then subtraction: \( (1 + 3 - 2) +
(2 + 5 - (-3))i = 2 + 10i \).
Operations with Complex Numbers
(Multiplication)
• Multiplication: To multiply two complex numbers z₁ = a + bi and z ₂ = c + di, use the
distributive property and combine like terms: (ac - bd) + (ad + bc)i.

• - Geometric Interpretation: Complex multiplication affects both magnitude and angle, akin
to scaling and rotating vectors in the complex plane.

• - Significance: Multiplication of complex numbers involves the scaling of the magnitudes

and the addition of their arguments, resulting in a new complex number with a modified
magnitude and orientation.

• - Example: Compute the product for z₁ = 2 + 3i and z ₂ = 4 - 2i. Using the multiplication
formula, (2 + 3i)(4 - 2i) = (8 - 6i + 12i - 6i²) = (8 + 6 + 12) + (6 - 6)i = 26 + 0i = 26.
Operations with Complex Numbers
(Division)
• Division: To divide two complex numbers z ₁ = a + bi and z ₂ = c + di, use the
formula ((ac + bd) / (c² + d²)) + ((bc - ad) / (c² + d²))i.

• - Rationalization: Multiply both numerator and denominator by the conjugate of

the denominator to rationalize the denominator.

• - Significance: Division of complex numbers involves finding a quotient that

preserves the magnitude and orientation of the original numbers, similar to
multiplication by reciprocal.

• - Example: Divide z₁ = 2 + 3i
Operations with Complex Numbers (Division) – Exercise

- Exercise: Divide the following complex numbers:

- a) \( \frac{2 + 3i}{1 - i} \)
- b) \( \frac{5 - 2i}{3 + 4i} \)
- c) \( \frac{3 + 4i}{2 + i} \)

- Instructions: Perform each division and express the result in the form \( a + bi \).
Rationalize the denominator if necessary.

- Solution:
- a) To divide \( \frac{2 + 3i}{1 - i} \), rationalize the denominator by multiplying the
numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the denominator: \( \frac{(2 + 3i)(1 + i)}{(1 -
i)(1 + i)} \). After simplification, you'll get the result.

- b) Perform a similar process for \( \frac{5 - 2i}{3 + 4i} \) to rationalize the denominator.
- c) Apply the division formula for \( \frac{3 + 4i}{2 + i} \) and simplify.
 Complex Conjugate

• The complex conjugate of a complex number is

obtained by changing the sign of its imaginary part.

• It is denoted as 𝑧̅ and is used in various mathematical

operations.

• The complex conjugate is essential for finding roots of

complex numbers, simplifying expressions, and
solving equations.

• Example: The complex conjugate of z = 2 + 3i is 𝑧̅ = 2

- 3i.
Complex Conjugate and
Absolute Value

• Conjugate and Modulus: The complex conjugate \( \

bar{z} \) of \( z = a + bi \) is \( a - bi \). The modulus \( |
z| \) is \( \sqrt{a^2 + b^2} \).

• - Properties: The product of a complex number and its

conjugate is \( z \cdot \bar{z} = |z|^2 \).

• - Example: Find the complex conjugate and absolute

value of \( z = 3 - 2i \).
 Complex Conjugate – Exercise

- Exercise:
- Find the complex conjugates of the following complex numbers:
- a) \( 4 - 5i \)
- b) \( -2 + 7i \)
- c) \( 3i \)

- Instructions: For each complex number, change the sign of the imaginary part to find
its conjugate.
- Solution:

- a) The complex conjugate of \( 4 - 5i \) is \( 4 + 5i \).

- b) The complex conjugate of \( -2 + 7i \) is \( -2 - 7i \).

- c) The complex conjugate of \( 3i \) is \( -3i \).

 • Finding Roots: Utilize De Moivre's theorem to find
the nth roots of a complex number z = r(cos(θ) + i
sin(θ)), given by z^(1/n) = r^(1/n) [cos((θ + 2kπ)/n) +
i sin((θ + 2kπ)/n)], where k is an integer.
Roots of • - Geometric Representation: The roots of a complex
number are symmetrically distributed around the
Complex origin in the complex plane.

Numbers • - Significance: Finding roots of complex numbers is

crucial in various mathematical and engineering
applications, such as solving polynomial equations
and analyzing periodic phenomena.
• - Example: Find the square root of z = -4 + 3i using
De Moivre's theorem and interpret the result.
 Roots of Complex Numbers – Exercise

- Exercise:

- Find the square roots of the following complex numbers:

- a) \( 1 + i \)
- b) \( -3 + 4i \)
- c) \( 2i \)

- Instructions: Use De Moivre's theorem to find the square roots of each complex
number.

- Solution:

- a) Apply De Moivre's theorem to \( 1 + i \) to find its square roots.

- b) Similarly, find the square roots of \( -3 + 4i \).

- c) For \( 2i \), express it in polar form and apply De Moivre's theorem to find its square
roots.
 Complex Exponential
Functions

• Functions: Complex exponential functions are \( f(z) =

e^z \), retaining properties like linearity, differentiation, and
periodicity.

• - Applications: They're used in solving differential

equations, analyzing periodic phenomena, and modeling
physical systems.

• - Example: Explore the behavior and applications of

complex exponential functions.
Summary

• - In this presentation, we've explored various concepts related to complex numbers,

including representations in Cartesian and polar forms, De Moivre's theorem, complex
conjugates, Euler's identity, roots of unity, complex exponential functions, complex
integration, Fourier series, and applications in quantum mechanics.
• - We've also practiced plotting complex numbers on the complex plane and performing
arithmetic operations.
• - Complex numbers are a powerful mathematical tool with applications in diverse fields
such as engineering, physics, and mathematics. Understanding their properties and
applications opens doors to solving complex problems efficiently.
• - We encourage further exploration and practice with complex numbers to strengthen
your understanding and problem-solving skills.
• - Thank you for your attention. If you have any questions or need clarification on any topic
covered in this presentation, please feel free to ask.
Conclusion
• Complex numbers play a crucial role in modern mathematics and its applications.
They provide a deeper understanding of the mathematical structures underlying
many phenomena.

• - We encourage further exploration and practice with complex numbers to

strengthen your understanding and problem-solving skills.

• - Thank you for your attention. If you have any questions or need clarification on
any topic covered in this presentation, please feel free to ask.