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    Regulation Report

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    jeffersonmanalo787
    Gene regulation controls which genes are turned on or off in different cells. In eukaryotes, transcription factors assist RNA polymerase in initiating transcription. Prokaryotes use simple activators and repressors to regulate transcription in response to environmental changes. Translation is the process where the genetic code in mRNA is decoded to produce a sequence of amino acids using ribosomes. Ribosomes are essential nanomachines for protein biosynthesis that are highly similar between prokaryotes and eukaryotes despite some structural differences. The genetic code consists of combinations of DNA bases that encode the sequence of amino acids in a protein.

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    Regulation Report

    Uploaded by

    jeffersonmanalo787
    23 views14 pages
    Gene regulation controls which genes are turned on or off in different cells. In eukaryotes, transcription factors assist RNA polymerase in initiating transcription. Prokaryotes use simple activators and repressors to regulate transcription in response to environmental changes. Translation is the process where the genetic code in mRNA is decoded to produce a sequence of amino acids using ribosomes. Ribosomes are essential nanomachines for protein biosynthesis that are highly similar between prokaryotes and eukaryotes despite some structural differences. The genetic code consists of combinations of DNA bases that encode the sequence of amino acids in a protein.

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    REGULATION-REPORT

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    Gene regulation controls which genes are turned on or off in different cells. In eukaryotes, transcription factors assist RNA polymerase in initiating transcription. Prokaryotes use simple activators and repressors to regulate transcription in response to environmental changes. Translation is the process where the genetic code in mRNA is decoded to produce a sequence of amino acids using ribosomes. Ribosomes are essential nanomachines for protein biosynthesis that are highly similar between prokaryotes and eukaryotes despite some structural differences. The genetic code consists of combinations of DNA bases that encode the sequence of amino acids in a protein.

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    23 views14 pages

    Regulation Report

    Uploaded by

    jeffersonmanalo787
    Gene regulation controls which genes are turned on or off in different cells. In eukaryotes, transcription factors assist RNA polymerase in initiating transcription. Prokaryotes use simple activators and repressors to regulate transcription in response to environmental changes. Translation is the process where the genetic code in mRNA is decoded to produce a sequence of amino acids using ribosomes. Ribosomes are essential nanomachines for protein biosynthesis that are highly similar between prokaryotes and eukaryotes despite some structural differences. The genetic code consists of combinations of DNA bases that encode the sequence of amino acids in a protein.

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    of 14

    Gene Regulation

    Gene Regulation
    • The process of turning genes on and off is known as gene regulation.
    Gene regulation is an important part of normal development. Each
    cell expresses or turns on, only a fraction of its genes. “Expresses” or
    “turns on” means that protein is being produced from that gene. The
    rest of the genes are repressed or turned off (no protein is being
    produced from those genes). Gene regulation also allows cells to react
    quickly to changes in their environments.
    Eukaryotic Transcriptional Regulation
    • The eukaryotic RNA polymerase requires other proteins, or transcription
    factors, to facilitate transcription initiation. RNA polymerase by itself
    cannot initiate transcription in eukaryotic cells. There are two types of
    transcription factors that regulate eukaryotic transcription: General (or
    basal) transcription and the Specific transcription
    Prokaryotic Transcriptional Regulation
    • A fast and efficient control system is needed, and in prokaryotes, this
    means that the controls on transcription are simple activators and
    repressors. For some genes, both may be used for regulation, while for
    others, only one is needed to change from a default state of expression
    or non-expression. Most prokaryotic cells are constantly responding to
    changing conditions in their immediate environment, such as changes
    in salt concentration, temperature, acidity, or nutrient availability.
    Translation
    • Is a step in protein biosynthesis where a genetic code from a strand
    of mRNA is decoded to produce a particular sequence of amino acids.
    In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, it takes place on the ribosomes.
    INTRODUCTION TO RIBOSOMES
    • Ribosomes are microscopic particles made of ribonucleoproteins that
    are found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, mitochondria,
    chloroplasts, and in bacteria. These nanomachines are indispensable
    for protein biosynthesis and hence are central to a cell’s ability to grow
    and proliferate. The process of making ribosomes is called ribosome
    biogenesis, which is highly orchestrated, dynamic, energy-consuming,
    and reasonably conserved among prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
    Prokaryotic Ribosomes
    • The prokaryotic ribosomes contain 3 RNA strands and 52 protein
    subunits which can be divided into 1 RNA and 21 proteins in the small
    ribosomal subunit. The small subunit locates the start site and moves
    along the RNA. The large ribosomal subunit contains the aminoacyl
    transferase enzyme activity that connects amino acids to make a
    protein.
    EUKARYOTIC RIBOSOMES
    • Eukaryotic ribosomes are also known as 80S ribosomes, referring to
    their sedimentation coefficients in Svedberg units, because they
    sediment faster than the prokaryotic ribosomes. Eukaryotic ribosomes
    have two unequal subunits, designated small subunit and large subunit
    according to their sedimentation coefficients .
    The Genetic Code
    • The genetic code consists of the sequence of nitrogen bases- A, C, G,
    U-in an mRNA chain. The four bases make up the “letters” of the
    genetic code. The letters are combined in groups of three to form code
    “words,” called codons. Each codon stands for (encodes) one amino
    acid unless it codes for a start or stops signal.
    Prokaryotic Translation
    • Prokaryotic translation is the process by which messenger RNA is
    translated into proteins in prokaryotes.
    Eukaryotic Translation
    • Eukaryotic translation is the biological process by which messenger
    RNA is translated into proteins in eukaryotes. It consists of three
    phases: initiation, elongation and the termination.
    Regulation of Translation
    • The regulation of translation is a mechanism that is used to modulate
    gene expression in a wide range of biological situations. From early
    embryonic development to cell differentiation and metabolism,
    translation is used to fine-tune protein levels in both time and space.

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