STUDY AND DESIGN FOR

THE EXPANSION OF ADANI

IRRIGATION SCHEME
OUTLINE
 Outline
• Introduction
• 2. Water Resources Availability
• Surface Water Resources
• Drainage basin
• River regime analysis and dry weather flow
• Groundwater Resources
• Geology/hydrogeology of the area
• Geophysical investigation of the artisan aquifer
• Preliminary Borehole design
• 3. Land Resources
• Digital Elevation Model maps
• Land/Cover use maps
• Soil Maps
• 4. Irrigation Water demand
• Surface Schemes
• Pressurized schemes
• 5. Design Proper
• The Pressurized Scheme
• The Surface Scheme
• Drawings
 INTRODUCTION
• EXISTING SCHEME
• Established in 1962
• 4259ha acquired
• 1000 pilot consisting
• 14.8km main canal
• 4.8km secondary
• 56km of tertiary and distributary canals
• 8km of main road, 40km of secondary and 66.2km of tertiary roads
INTRODUCTION Cont.
• Headworks include
• A small earth dam with an Ogee spillway and a diversion structure
• River source is Obina river
• Manually operated diversion to the main canal
• Complete gravity scheme
INTRODUCTION
• Rehabilation of the existing scheme
• The rehabilitation is expected to improve on the efficiency of water delivery
to the existing 1000ha by gravity
• good access to the site as well as improved post construction management.
• All the canals are to be lined with reinforces concrete and substantial parts of
the main roads are already constructed with asphalt overlay while the other
main roads will be surfaced dressed.
• The secondary and the tertiary roads are to be graded with good lateritic fills
Intro
• Rice cultivation is predominant in the area because of soil suitability
and high demand.
• There are other challenges ranging from poor infrastructure within
the farm settlement,
Expansion of the Irrigation Scheme
• Adding additional 3000ha
• Sustain the existing concept of complete gravity delivery of water to
the field and rice cultivation
• Take cognizance of the improved conveyance system
• Conjuctive use of groundwater. Artisan flow
WATER RESOURCES AVAILABILITY

• Surface Water
• Groundwater
SURFACE

• River Obinna
• 106.57sq
• 2.6cumecs
• Baseflow fro the ajali sandstone acquifer
• Unit Hydrograph
• Flood hydrograph for 100 year return period using satellite rainfall
data
GROUNDWATER

• Hydrogeology
• Scarpland and outcrop of ajali sandstone
• Recharge area at high elevation
• Dips in westerly direction and drives flows from east to west accordingly
• Imo shale and Nkporo shale confining the prolific ajali sandstone
• Artisan conditions exist because the elevation around the Adani irrigation
scheme is bellow the pizometric height of the confined groundwater. The
recharge area around the eastern scarpland is much higher.
Geophysical investigation

• To highlight the hydrogeological knowledge of the area

• The hydraulic arrangement – Ajali Sandstone being confined by shale
formations.
• Guide in borehole design and costing
 LAND RESOURCES
• Delineation of candidate areas for surface and pressurised irrigation.

• Digital elevation Map

• Land use/Cover Maps
• Soil maps
• 1650ha for surface
• 5,500ha for pressurised
Land Resources
• Soil Condition
• Fine textured Soils with high fertility
• Contain optimum quantity of organic matter, Nitrogen, exchangeable,
potassium that is required for proper growth of rice.
• Also found to be in adequate quantities are Calcium Magnesium and available
Phosphorus with the buffering capacity high
• The shales and clays of the parent material are impervious and the impeded
drainage causes redistribution of iron oxides.
Land Resources
• Existing Rural Services Infrastructures And Farmers Organizations
• Adarice company and Agric services
• Organised Framers’ association
• The estate infrastructure
• Pilot Farms
• The Actual Irrigated Agricultural Production
• Cropping pattern was two to three times in a year depending on the variety of
rice crop
• yield is about five (5) tonnes per hectare
• CROPS
• Rice
• Vegetables by sprinklers
• African Spinach (Amaranthus Spp),Telfaira (Ugu) Telfairia occidentalis),Bitter leaf (Veronia
omygdalina),Utazi (Gouronema latifolium
Water Demand

• Irrigation Water Requirement

• Estimating crop water requirements where measured values are hard
to obtain will require obtaining empirically determined values of
parameters needed for such estimates like Net(nd) and Gross
irrigation irrigation dept (gd)
• Nd 60mm for upland rice and 30 mm for tomatoes
• Pressurized scheme
• Field Efficiency of 75%
• Gd ==(100 × 60)÷ 75 = 80mm for upland rice
• Upland Rice quick maturing species grow for between 120-150 days requiring
about 600 mm of total seasonal water
• No of Irrigation applications 600mm ÷ 60mm = 10 Irrigation scheduling
interval is therefore 150 ÷ 10 =15days
• Gd per day 80mm÷ 15days =5.3mm/day
• In volumetric units @5.3mm/day =0.6l/sec.ha x3.6/hr.ha =2.2 m3/hr.ha
• Surface Scheme
• Efficiency of 50%
• Number of irrigation applications = 600 mm ÷ 60 mm =10
• Irrigation scheduling interval = 150 ÷ 10 = 15 days
• The gross irrigation per day = 120 mm ÷ 15 days = 8 mm/day
=0.93l/sec/ ha =3.35m3/hr/ ha.
• Table shows the water requirements for each of the Sectors
DESIGN PROPER
• The Pressurized Scheme
• Semi- Permanent Sprinkler System; buried mainline/ sub-main and portable
lateral
• A properly designed/ installed sprinkler system allows a farmer to be flexible in
meeting with ease the varying water demand at different stages of crop growth
• CropWater needs are usually estimated on a seasonal basis but the sprinkler
system allows a farmer to adjust if demand changes. It becomes a matter of
turning on the system longer/shorter or less /more frequently
• Earlier agronomic analysis of crop water needs indicates that the Artesian Well
as major water source can meet with irrigation needs of Upland rice, Tomatoes
and Vegetable in the dry season.
• Upland rice requires 5.3mm/day (2.2m3/hr. ha)
Design Proper cont.
• Plot Size
• We have chosen for symmetry 36 Ha as our basic design plot for both Upland Rice and Tomato/Vegetable. This is
deliberate and allows for gear inventory convenience, also the same designed irrigation system could be employed across
the scheme.

• Water Source:
• We have assumed that the source of water will be in the middle of the plot or on the top portion of an inclined plot.
Artesian wells in this project area are found to present on the average; flow conditions of 100m3/hr capacity at 20m Head.

• Pipe Network:
• Consists of Mainline, Sub-mainlines and Laterals.
• Medium to large sprinkler irrigation systems serviced by a single source of water function efficiently by looping part of the
pipe line system. Loops allow for even pressure distribution within the looped system, it is budget friendly and makes
maintenance and operation of system easier. The mainline usually comes from the water source as a single line. At each
looped service point; it splits into two pipes (often smaller in size than the mainline). The two pipes will rejoin each other
to form a loop. Isolation valves maybe added to loops to aid operation and maintenance requirement. Shutting of any part
does preclude other sections from functioning.
•
Design Proper cont.
• Pipe Sizing
• We have a peculiarity in sizing and choosing conduits down the line
from source to exit through sprinklers. The luxury of mechanical
assistance is absent and events are solely controlled on the basis of
the well piezo metric head. In other words, pressure compensation
cannot be made. We are constrained to design within a narrow range
of pressure of 1.5 bar to 2.0 bar. Therefore, conduits must be sized for
near zero pressure drop for the system. As mentioned earlier, looping
will be employed as much as possible to achieve to the barest
minimum dynamic pressure losses
Design Proper cont.
• Pipe sizing
• This design will be constrained to keep the total pressure loss to less than or 0.5 bar
from source to sprinkler theoretically flow through;
• Mainline loss ≤ 0.166 bar
• Sub-Mainline ≤ 0.166 bar
• Laterals ≤ 0.166 bar
• Total 0.166 x 3 = 0.498 bar
• Tables developed for Laminar water flow in pipe will be consulted
extensively in determining conduit sizes for the mainline, sub-mainlines and
the laterals
• The Hazen Williams formula in conjunction with the general laminar flow
velocity equation in pipes were used empirically to compile such tables.
Design Proper cont.
• Mainline
• 6” pipe, head loss .03bar < 0.166 bar (150mm x 7mm Upvc pipe)

• Sub-Mainline
• The Mainline delivers flow to 2 loops at a time, the loops been equal geometrically we can
safely assume that each loop receives half of the total flow
• Use 90mm x 5mm Upvc pipe as sub-mainline

• Laterals lines
• The design loop must feed the lateral lines within the 2 symmetrical segments so that pressure
at all hydrant points will be same generally speaking. The hydrants are set at 25meter centers
for each segment i.e. 24 hydrants on each loop. This allows for convenient deployment of
movable sprinkler units on a stand with 50 meters of non-kink flexible hose in any direction.
 Design Proper cont.
• Sprinkler Selection and Matching
• NAANDANJAIN 5022SD is in reference. It performs between 1.5bar to
4.0bar. The performance related to our desired values are highlighted
below:
• Nozzle Pressure(bar) Qm3/hr/gpm
R(M)
• 2.5 1.5 0.320/1.4 9.5
• 2.0 0.375/1.6 10
• 2.8 1.5 0.415/1.8 10.75
• 2.0 0.475/2.06 11.0
 Design Proper cont.

• Sprinkler Run-time
• In general using irrigation as the only source of water the average amount
of time required to put the daily crop water need using the adopted
sprinkler (nozzle) at 10m spacing either singly or in group can be estimated
• For Upland Rice: 5.3mm is the daily water need
Run-time = 5.3mm per day/4.15mm/hr
= 1.28hr/day = 1hr 20min (nearest 5min)
 Design Proper cont.
• The Surface Scheme
• Detailed Topographic Survey
• Main canal
• Invokes the Manning’s equation for expression of open channel flows in channels.
• V= (1/n)R3/2S1/2
• Q=VA
• 4.3m3/sec delivering 36MCM
• Existing scheme can take 14MCM leaving a balance of 22MCM
• Secondary Canals
• 18 sectors feed by Secondary canals see table
• Two sets of canals sized (using Manning’s equation) for constructional ease
Design Proper cont.
• Tertiary/field canals canals
• Maximum discharge on field canal is .026m3/sec
• Inflow time
• The time for which water flows into the basin. This is selected to allow the desired dept of
infiltration taking place at the far end of the basin. In General this is the summation of the
advance time and the time required to deliver the volume of water needed for adequate
irrigation. 4-hours inflow time with a flow rate of about 27liters/sec is worked out thus:

• Ta = FnL/60QnE

• Ta =inflow time
• L= length of basin 100m
• Qn= application efficiency 65%
• E= Unit inflow rate Q/50mm
• Bunds/ ridges
• These are marked out to be approximately in 100m x 50m giving a plot size of
0.5ha
 Layout drawings
• Carlson civil Suite software was used in the drafting.
BEME
• Spread sheets show the BEME as well as the supporting calculations.
calculations