Chapter 1 - Introduction

• Materials drive our society

– Stone Age: The Paleolithic (from Greek: παλαιός,

palaios, "old"; and λίθος, lithos, "stone" lit.) + Meso
+ Neolithic

– Bronze (?) Age

– Iron Age

– Now?
• Silicon Age?
• Polymer Age?
1
Was This Man a Bronze-Age Cyborg?

2
 2,300-year-old false tooth

The Guardian

3
 Current example – Hip Implant

• Requirements
– mechanical
strength (many
cycles)
– good lubricity
– biocompatibility

Adapted from Fig. 22.24, Callister 7e.

4
 Hip Implant
• With age or certain illnesses joints deteriorate.
Particularly those with large loads (such as hip).

Adapted from Fig. 22.25, Callister 7e.

5
Hip Implant

Adapted from Fig. 22.26, Callister 7e. 6

 Hip Implant
• Key problems to overcome
– fixation agent to hold Ball
acetabular cup
– cup lubrication material
– femoral stem – fixing agent
Acetabular
(“glue”)
Cup and Liner
– must avoid any debris in cup

Femoral
Stem
Adapted from chapter-opening
photograph, Chapter 22, Callister 7e.

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Develop New Types of Polymers

• Commodity plastics – large volume ca. $0.50 / lb

Ex. Polyethylene
Polypropylene
Polystyrene
etc.

• Engineering Resins – small volume > $1.00 / lb

Ex. Polycarbonate
Nylon
Polysulfone
etc.

Can polypropylene be “upgraded” to properties (and price) near

those of engineering resins?

8
 Structure, Processing, & Properties
• Properties depend on structure
ex: hardness vs structure of steel

(d)

600
Hardness (BHN)

30 m
500 (c)
Data obtained from Figs. 10.30(a)
400 (b) and 10.32 with 4 wt% C composition,
(a) and from Fig. 11.14 and associated
4 m discussion, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
300 Micrographs adapted from (a) Fig.
10.19; (b) Fig. 9.30;(c) Fig. 10.33;
30 m
and (d) Fig. 10.21, Callister &
200 30 m
Rethwisch 8e.

100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Cooling Rate (ºC/s)
• Processing can change structure
ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel
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 Types of Materials
• Metals:
– Strong, ductile
– High thermal & electrical conductivity
– Opaque, reflective.

• Polymers/plastics: Covalent bonding  sharing of e’s

– Soft, ductile, low strength, low density
– Thermal & electrical insulators
– Optically translucent or transparent.

• Ceramics: ionic bonding (refractory) – compounds of metallic

& non-metallic elements (oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides)
– Brittle, glassy, elastic
– Non-conducting (insulators)

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 The Materials Selection Process
1. Pick Application Determine required Properties
Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,
magnetic, optical, deteriorative.

2. Properties Identify candidate Material(s)

Material: structure, composition.

3. Material Identify required Processing

Processing: changes structure and overall shape
ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping
forming, joining, annealing.

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 ELECTRICAL
• Electrical Resistivity of Copper:
6 Adapted from Fig. 18.8, Callister &
t%Ni Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 18.8 adapted
5 3 .3 2a from: J.O. Linde, Ann Physik 5, 219
+ (1932); and C.A. Wert and R.M.
Cu Ni
Resistivity, 

Thomson, Physics of Solids, 2nd

t%
16 a Ni
(10-8 Ohm-m)

4 2 . t %
edition, McGraw-Hill Company, New
+ 2 a York, 1970.)
Cu +1 . 1
3 C u
e d
e fo rm % N i
d 2 a t
2 . 1
u +1
C
1 r e ” Cu
“Pu
0
-200 -100 0 T (ºC)
• Adding “impurity” atoms to Cu increases resistivity.
• Deforming Cu increases resistivity.
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 THERMAL
• Space Shuttle Tiles: • Thermal Conductivity
-- Silica fiber insulation of Copper:
offers low heat conduction. -- It decreases when
Adapted from chapter- you add zinc!
opening photograph,
Chapter 17, Callister &
400

Thermal Conductivity
Rethwisch 3e. (Courtesy
of Lockheed
Missiles and Space
Company, Inc.) 300

(W/m-K)
200

100
0
0 10 20 30 40
Composition (wt% Zinc)
Adapted from Adapted from Fig. 19.4, Callister & Rethwisch
Fig. 19.4W, Callister 8e. (Fig. 19.4 is adapted from Metals Handbook:
6e. (Courtesy of Properties and Selection: Nonferrous alloys and
Lockheed Aerospace Pure Metals, Vol. 2, 9th ed., H. Baker,
Ceramics Systems, (Managing Editor), American Society for Metals,
Sunnyvale, CA) 1979, p. 315.)
(Note: "W" denotes fig.
100 m is on CD-ROM.) 18
 MAGNETIC
• Magnetic Storage: • Magnetic Permeability
-- Recording medium vs. Composition:
is magnetized by -- Adding 3 atomic % Si
recording head. makes Fe a better
recording medium!

Magnetization
Fe+3%Si

Fe

Magnetic Field
Adapted from C.R. Barrett, W.D. Nix, and
Fig. 20.23, Callister & Rethwisch 8e. A.S. Tetelman, The Principles of
Engineering Materials, Fig. 1-7(a), p. 9,
1973. Electronically reproduced
by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.,
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.

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 OPTICAL
• Transmittance:
-- Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or
opaque depending on the material structure.

polycrystal: polycrystal:
single crystal low porosity high porosity

Adapted from Fig. 1.2,

Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
(Specimen preparation,
P.A. Lessing; photo by S.
Tanner.)

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 DETERIORATIVE
• Stress & Saltwater... • Heat treatment: slows
-- causes cracks! crack speed in salt water!

crack speed (m/s)

10-8 “as-is”
“held at
160ºC for 1 hr
before testing”
10-10 Alloy 7178 tested in
saturated aqueous NaCl
solution at 23ºC

increasing load
Adapted from Fig. 11.20(b), R.W. Hertzberg, "Deformation and
Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials" (4th ed.), p. 505, John
Adapted from chapter-opening photograph, Wiley and Sons, 1996. (Original source: Markus O. Speidel, Brown
Chapter 16, Callister & Rethwisch 3e. Boveri Co.)
(from Marine Corrosion, Causes, and
4 m
Prevention, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1975.)
-- material:
7150-T651 Al "alloy"
(Zn,Cu,Mg,Zr)

Adapted from Fig. 11.26,

Callister & Rethwisch 8e. (Provided courtesy of G.H.
Narayanan and A.G. Miller, Boeing Commercial Airplane
Company.) 21
 SUMMARY
Course Goals:
• Use the right material for the job.

• Understand the relation between properties,

structure, and processing.

• Recognize new design opportunities offered

by materials selection.

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