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    The document discusses the structure and function of the nervous system. It describes nerves as bundles of neurons that transmit signals throughout the body. Nerves are classified based on their composition as sensory, motor, or mixed nerves, and based on their connection point to the central nervous system as cranial or spinal nerves. The document also differentiates between voluntary and involuntary actions, describing reflexes, autonomic functions, and the roles of different parts of the brain in coordinating both conscious and unconscious responses.

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    HSB Notes

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    The document discusses the structure and function of the nervous system. It describes nerves as bundles of neurons that transmit signals throughout the body. Nerves are classified based on their composition as sensory, motor, or mixed nerves, and based on their connection point to the central nervous system as cranial or spinal nerves. The document also differentiates between voluntary and involuntary actions, describing reflexes, autonomic functions, and the roles of different parts of the brain in coordinating both conscious and unconscious responses.

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    The document discusses the structure and function of the nervous system. It describes nerves as bundles of neurons that transmit signals throughout the body. Nerves are classified based on their composition as sensory, motor, or mixed nerves, and based on their connection point to the central nervous system as cranial or spinal nerves. The document also differentiates between voluntary and involuntary actions, describing reflexes, autonomic functions, and the roles of different parts of the brain in coordinating both conscious and unconscious responses.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    12 views14 pages

    HSB Notes

    Uploaded by

    edhanassar
    The document discusses the structure and function of the nervous system. It describes nerves as bundles of neurons that transmit signals throughout the body. Nerves are classified based on their composition as sensory, motor, or mixed nerves, and based on their connection point to the central nervous system as cranial or spinal nerves. The document also differentiates between voluntary and involuntary actions, describing reflexes, autonomic functions, and the roles of different parts of the brain in coordinating both conscious and unconscious responses.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 14

    H.S.

    B
    WEEK 20
    NERVES

    Nerves are cordlike bundles of nerve fibers of neurons surrounded by connective tissue through which impulses pass
    between the CNS and the rest of the body.
    Nerves can be classified into three types based on what they are composed of:
    Sensory nerves are composed of the nerve fibers of sensory neurons only and they carry impulses from receptors to
    the CNS.
    Motor nerves are composed of nerve fibers of motor neurons only and they carry impulses from the CNS to effectors.
    Mixed nerves are composed of nerve fibers of both sensory and motor neurons and they carry impulses in both
    directions, from receptors to the CNS and from the CNS to effectors.
    Nerves can be classified into two types based on where they connect to the CNS:
    • Cranial nerves connect to the brain.
    • Spinal nerves connect to the spinal cord.
    SYNAPSES
     Adjacent neurons do not touch. There are tiny gaps
    called synapses between the synaptic knobs at the
    end of one axon and the dendrites or cell bodies of
    adjacent neurons. Chemicals are known as
    neurotransmitters are released into the synapses by
    vesicles (small sacs) in the synaptic knobs. These
    chemicals cause impulses to be set up in adjacent
    neurons. This ensures impulses travel in one
    direction only and allows many neurons to
    interconnect.
    VOLUNTARY ACTIONS
    A voluntary action is an action that is consciously controlled by the
    brain
    The cerebrum of the brain initiates voluntary actions in one of two ways, both of which
    involve conscious thought:
    It can coordinate incoming information from sensory neurons and initiate an action.
    It can spontaneously initiate an action without receiving any incoming information.
    To initiate the action, impulses are sent from the cerebrum along relay neurons in the brain and
    spinal cord to motor neurons. These motor neurons then carry these impulses to skeletal
    muscles (effectors) initiating a conscious response, e.g. talking, writing, or running.
    Voluntary actions:
     are learned
     are relatively slow
     are complex because a variety of different responses can result from one stimulus
    ACTIONS CONTROLLED BY THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

     The autonomic nervous system is composed of motor nerves only and regulates the
    functioning of internal organs, e.g. it controls breathing rate, heart rate, digestion,
    peristalsis, and blood pressure.
     Information from internal receptors passes to the medulla of the brain which sends
    impulses out along motor neurons in cranial and spinal nerves to the effectors. The
    autonomic nervous system is important in homeostasis
    CRANIAL REFLEXES

     In cranial reflexes,
    impulses pass through
    cranial nerves and the
    brain, e.g. the pupil
    reflex, blinking, sneezing,
    coughing and saliva
    production.
    REFLEX ACTIONS

     A reflex action is a rapid, automatic, involuntary response to a stimulus by a muscle or gland. A reflex action
    is always initiated by an external stimulus. The pathway between receptor and effector is known as a reflex
    arc. It is simple and involves the following:
     A receptor that detects the stimulus.
     A sensory neuron that carries the impulse to the central nervous system.
     A relay neuron in the central nervous system that carries the impulse to a motor neuron.
     A motor neuron that carries the impulse away from the central nervous system.
     An effector that responds to the stimulus.

    Simple reflexes are classified as cranial reflexes or spinal reflexes.


    VOLUNTARY ACTIONS
    INVOLUNTARY ACTIONS
    An involuntary action is an action that occurs without conscious thought.
    Involuntary actions:
    are not learned
    are rapid
    are simple because the same response always results from the same
    stimulus.
    There are two types of involuntary actions:
    • Actions controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
    • Reflex actions.
    SPINAL REFLEXES

     In spinal reflexes, impulses


    pass through spinal nerves
    and the spinal cord. Spinal
    reflexes include the knee jerk
    reflex which lacks a relay
    neuron, and the withdrawal
    reflex in response to pain,
    e.g. when the finger is
    pricked, pain receptors are
    stimulated and the hand is
    rapidly withdrawn from the
    source of the pain.
    EXAMPLES OF INVOLUNTARY ACTIONS
    VOLUNTARY AND INVOLUNTARY ACTIONS
    ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
    1. Give THREE differences between coordination by the nervous system and
    coordination by the endocrine system.
    2. Describe the main divisions of the nervous system.
    3. Give ONE function of EACH of the following regions of the brain:
    the medulla oblongata b the cerebellum c the cerebrum
    4 a. Distinguish between a neuron and a nerve.
    b. Name the THREE types of neurons found in the nervous system and indicate the
    function of EACH.
    c. Identify the TWO major properties of all neurons.
    5. What is a synapse and why are synapses important in the nervous system?
    6. Distinguish between a voluntary action and an involuntary action and give TWO
    examples of each.
    7. What is the autonomic nervous system and what does it control?
    8. What is a reflex action?
    9. Jan pricked her finger and immediately withdrew her hand from the source of the
    pain. Draw a simple flow diagram to show the pathway along which the impulses
    passed in Jan’s body to bring about her response.

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