Program: B.

Tech VII Semester

CSL0777: Machine Learning

Unit No. 1
Machine Learning Basics

Lecture No. 02

Mr. Praveen Gupta

Assistant Professor, CSA/SOET
Outlines
• Introduction
• What is ML
• Need for Machine Learning
• Why & When to Make Machines Learn
• Machine Learning Model
• Challenges in Machines Learning
• Applications of Machines Learning
• References
 Student Effective Learning Outcomes(SELO)
01: Ability to understand subject related concepts clearly along
withcontemporary issues.
02: Ability to use updated tools, techniques and skills for effective domain
specific practices.
03: Understanding available tools and products and ability to use it
effectively.
 Introduction
• We are living in the ‘age of data’ that is enriched with better
computational power and more storage resources,.
• This data or information is increasing day by day, but the real challenge
is to make sense of all the data.
• Businesses & organizations are trying to deal with it by building intelligent
systems using the concepts and methodologies from Data science, Data
Mining and Machine learning.
• Among them, machine learning is the most exciting field of computer
science. It would not be wrong if we call machine learning the application
and science of algorithms that provides sense to the data.

<SELO: 1> <Reference No.: R1,R4>

 What is Machine Learning?
• Machine Learning (ML) is that field of computer science with the help of
which computer systems can provide sense to data in much the same way
as human beings do.
• In simple words, ML is a type of artificial intelligence that extract patterns
out of raw data by using an algorithm or method.
• The main focus of ML is to allow computer systems learn from experience
without being explicitly programmed or human intervention.

<SELO: 1> <Reference No.: R1,R4>

 Need for Machine Learning
• Human beings, at this moment, are the most intelligent and advanced
species on earth because they can think, evaluate and solve complex
problems. On the other side, AI is still in its initial stage and haven’t
surpassed human intelligence in many aspects.
• Then the question is that what is the need to make machine learn? The
most suitable reason for doing this is, “to make decisions, based on data,
with efficiency and scale”.
• Lately, organizations are investing heavily in newer technologies like
Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Deep Learning to get the key
information from data to perform several real-world tasks and solve
problems.
• We can call it data-driven decisions taken by machines, particularly to
automate the process. These data-driven decisions can be used, instead of
using programing logic, in the problems that cannot be programmed
inherently.
<SELO: 1> <Reference No.: R1,R4>
 Why & When to Make Machines Learn?
• There can be several circumstances where we need machines to take data-driven
decisions with efficiency and at a huge scale.
• Lack of human expertise: The very first scenario in which we want a machine to
learn and take data-driven decisions, can be the domain where there is a lack of
human expertise. The examples can be navigations in unknown territories or
spatial planets.
• Dynamic scenarios: There are some scenarios which are dynamic in nature i.e.
they keep changing over time. In case of these scenarios and behaviors, we want a
machine to learn and take data-driven decisions. Some of the examples can be
network connectivity and availability of infrastructure in an organization.
• Difficulty in translating expertise into computational tasks: There can be various
domains in which humans have their expertise,; however, they are unable to
translate this expertise into computational tasks. In such circumstances we want
machine learning. The examples can be the domains of speech recognition,
cognitive tasks etc.

<SELO: 1> <Reference No.: R1,R4>

 Machine Learning Model
• “A computer program is said to learn from experience E with respect to
some class of tasks T and performance measure P, if its performance at
tasks in T, as measured by P, improves with experience E.”
• The above definition is basically focusing on three parameters, also the
main components of any learning algorithm, namely Task(T),
Performance(P) and experience (E).
• In this context, we can simplify this definition as: ML is a field of AI
consisting of learning algorithms that:
– Improve their performance (P)
– At executing some task (T)
– Over time with experience (E)

<SELO: 1> <Reference No.: R1,R4>

 Machine Learning Model

<SELO: 1> <Reference No.: R1,R4>

 Machine Learning Model
• Task(T)
From the perspective of problem, we may define the task T as the real-world
problem to be solved. The problem can be anything like finding best house
price in a specific location or to find best marketing strategy etc. On the
other hand, if we talk about machine learning, the definition of task is
different because it is difficult to solve ML based tasks by conventional
programming approach.
A task T is said to be a ML based task when it is based on the process and the
system must follow for operating on data points. The examples of ML
based tasks are Classification, Regression, Structured annotation,
Clustering, Transcription etc.

<SELO: 1> <Reference No.: R1,R4>

 Machine Learning Model
• Experience (E)
As name suggests, it is the knowledge gained from data points provided to
the algorithm or model. Once provided with the dataset, the model will
run iteratively and will learn some inherent pattern. The learning thus
acquired is called experience(E). Making an analogy with human learning,
we can think of this situation as in which a human being is learning or
gaining some experience from various attributes like situation,
relationships etc. Supervised, unsupervised and reinforcement learning
are some ways to learn or gain experience. The experience gained by out
ML model or algorithm will be used to solve the task T.

<SELO: 1> <Reference No.: R1,R4>

 Machine Learning Model
• Performance (P)
An ML algorithm is supposed to perform task and gain experience with the
passage of time. The measure which tells whether ML algorithm is
performing as per expectation or not is its performance (P). P is basically a
quantitative metric that tells how a model is performing the task, T, using
its experience, E. There are many metrics that help to understand the ML
performance, such as accuracy score, F1 score, confusion matrix,
precision, recall, sensitivity etc.

<SELO: 1> <Reference No.: R1,R4>

 Challenges in Machines Learning
• While Machine Learning is rapidly evolving, making significant strides with
cyber security and autonomous cars, this segment of AI as whole still has a
long way to go. The reason behind is that ML has not been able to
overcome number of challenges. The challenges that ML is facing currently
are:
• Quality of data: Having good-quality data for ML algorithms is one of the
biggest challenges. Use of low-quality data leads to the problems related
to data preprocessing and feature extraction.
• Time-Consuming task: Another challenge faced by ML models is the
consumption of time especially for data acquisition, feature extraction
and retrieval.
• Lack of specialist persons: As ML technology is still in its infancy stage,
availability of expert resources is a tough job.

<SELO: 1> <Reference No.: R1,R4>

 Challenges in Machines Learning
• No clear objective for formulating business problems: Having
no clear objective and well-defined goal for business
problems is another key challenge ML because this
technology
for is not that mature yet.
• Issue of overfitting & underfitting: If the model is overfitting
or underfitting, it cannot be represented well for the problem.
• Curse of dimensionality: Another challenge ML model faces is
too many features of data points. This can be a real hindrance.
• Difficulty in deployment: Complexity of the ML model makes
it quite difficult to be deployed in real life.

<SELO: 1> <Reference No.: R1,R4>

 Challenges in Machines Learning
• No clear objective for formulating business problems: Having
no clear objective and well-defined goal for business
problems is another key challenge ML because this
technology
for is not that mature yet.
• Issue of overfitting & underfitting: If the model is overfitting
or underfitting, it cannot be represented well for the problem.
• Curse of dimensionality: Another challenge ML model faces is
too many features of data points. This can be a real hindrance.
• Difficulty in deployment: Complexity of the ML model makes
it quite difficult to be deployed in real life.

<SELO: 1> <Reference No.: R1,R4>

 Applications of Machines Learning
• Machine Learning is the most rapidly growing technology and according to
researchers we are in the golden year of AI and ML. It is used to solve
many real-world complex problems which cannot be solved with
traditional approach. Following are some real-world applications of ML:
– Emotion analysis
– Sentiment analysis
– Error detection and prevention
– Weather forecasting and prediction
– Stock market analysis and forecasting
– Customer segmentation
– Fraud detection
– Recommendation of products to customer in online shopping

<SELO: 1> <Reference No.: R1,R4>

 Learning Outcomes

The students have learn and understand the

followings
•What is ML
•Need for Machine Learning
•Why & When to Make Machines Learn
•Machine Learning Model
•Challenges in Machines Learning
•Applications of Machines Learning
 References

1. Machine Learning for Absolute Beginners by Oliver Theobald. 2019

2. http://noracook.io/Books/Python/introductiontomachinelearningwithpyth

on.pdf
3. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/machine_learning_with_python/machine
_learning_with_python_tutorial.pdf
Thank you