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Calculus

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Leira Tumaliuan Llanes
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9 views18 pages

Calculus

Uploaded by

Leira Tumaliuan Llanes
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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OPTIMIZATION:

APPLICATION OF
EXTREMA TO WORD
PROBLEMS
Many real-life situations require us to find
a value that best suits our needs. If we are
given several options for the value of a
variable x, how do we choose the "best
value?" Such a problem is classified as an
optimization problem. We now apply our
previous discussion to finding extremum
values of a function to solve some
optimization problems.
SUGGESTED STEPS IN SOLVING
OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS
1. If possible, draw a diagram of the problem.
2. Assign variables to all unknown quantities involved.
3. Specify the objective function. This function must be
continuous.
(a) Identify the quantity, say q, to be maximized or
minimized.
(b) Formulate an equation involving q and other
quantities. Express q in terms of a single variable, say x.
If necessary, use the information given and relationships
between quantities to eliminate some variables.
(c) The objective function is
maximize q = f(x)
or minimize q= f(x).
4. Determine the domain or constraints of q from
the physical restrictions of the problem. The
domain must be a closed and bounded interval.
5. Use appropriate theorems involving extrema to
solve the problem. Make sure to give the exact
answer (with appropriate units) to the question.
EXAMPLE 1:
Find the number in the interval
[-2,2] so that the difference of
the number from its square is
maximized.
SOLUTION:
Let x be the desired number. We want to maximize
= x²- x
where x[- 2, 2] . Note that is continuous on [-2,2]
and thus, we can apply the Extreme Value
Theorem.
We first find the critical numbers ofin the interval (-
2,2). We have

= 2x – 1

which means that we only have one critical number in


(-2,2): x= ½.

Then we compare the function value at the critical


number and the endpoints. We see that

(- 2) = 6, (2) =2, () = - ¼.
CONCLUSION:

From this, we conclude that attains a maximum on [-


2,2] at the left endpoint x = - 2 Hence, the number
we are looking for is -2.
EXAMPLE 2:
A rectangular box is to be made from a piece of
cardboard 24 cm long and 9 cm wide by cutting
out identical squares from the four corners and
turning up the side. Find the volume of the
largest rectangular box that can be formed.
SOLUTION:

Let be s be the length of the side of the squares to be cut out,


and imagine the “flaps” being turned up to form the box.
The length, width and height of the box then 24-2s, 9-2s,
and s, respectively. Therefore, the volume of the box is :

V(s) = (24-2s)(9-2s)s = 2(108s-33s2+2s3)


We wish to maximize V(s) but note that s should be nonnegative and should not
be more than half the width of the cardboard. That is, s ꞓ [0, 4.5]. (The case s = 0
or s = 4.5 does not produce any box because one of the dimensions would
become zero ; but to make the interval closed and bounded, we can think of
those cases as degenerate boxes with zero volume). Since V is just a
polynomial, it is continuous on the closed and bounded interval [0, 4.5]. Thus,
the Extreme Value Theorem applies. Now

V’(s)= 216-132s+12s2= 4(54-33s+3s2) = 4(3s-6)(s-9)

And hence the only critical number of V in (0, 4.5) is 2(s= 9 outside the
interval).
WE NOW COMPARE THE FUNCTIONAL VALUES AT THE
ENDPOINTS AND AT THE CRITICAL POINTS:

s 0 2 4.5

V(s) 0 200 0

Therefore, from the table, we see that V attains its maximum


at s=2, and the maximum volume is equal to V(2)= 200 cm3
EXAMPLE 3:
The range R (distance of launch site to point of impact) of a projectile
that is launched at an angle , 9] from the horizontal, and with the fixed
initial speed of v0 is given by
R(

Where g is the acceleration due to gravity. Show that the range is


maximize when = 45.
SOLUTION:

• Let R () denote the range of the projectile that is launched at an


angle , measured from the horizontal. We need to maximize
R( ˚
Where [0, /2]. Note that R is continuous on [0, /2] and therefore the
Extreme Value Theorem is applicable:
WE NOW DIFFERENTIATE R TO FIND THE CRITICAL
NUMBERS ON [0, /2]
R’()= =0 = /2

Hence 4= 45 is a critical number.


Finally, we compare the functional value:

/4)= (/2)= 0
PROBLEMS:
1.) Find two numbers whose sum is 60 and whose
product is a maximum.
2.) Find the numbers whose difference is 40 and
whose product is a minimum. What is the value of
the minimum product.
3.) Find two positive number whose product is 400
and whose sum is a minimum.
ACTIVITY
1.) Find a positive number where the sum of that
number is reciprocal is minimum.
2.) Find the dimension of a rectangle with a
perimeter of 200ft with an area as large as possible.
3.) A farmer has 600ft of fencing and wants to
create a rectangular field along a river. He needs no
fence along the river itself. What are the dimension
of the field that has a largest area?

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