Kabul University

Energy Engineering Department

Source: EcoFriend: www.ecofriend.com/green-architecture-15-skyscrapers-

integrated-energy-generators.html (Accessed on 3 Sep 2015.

Sustainable Energy Instructors: Najib Rahman Sabory

Mir Sayed Shah Danish
in Architecture and Urban Planning
10 October 2015
 Contents

Solar Energy

Solar Electric

Managing Photovoltaic Projects

Cost-Effective Hybrid System

Case Study

1
 Solar Energy

 Solar electric
 Solar water heater
 Solar heating, cooling, and
lighting
 Hybrid solar systems

Eight Keys Topics for Solar Energy Deployment

2
 Solar Electric

 Photovoltaic is a reliable, competitive and simple solution able to

contribute to the successful functioning
 standalone photovoltaic systems can also supply energy for parking meters,
phone boxes, streetlights, information panels, signs, etc.
 Before starting to design a solar power system - whether solar power provides
the best solution to the problem at hand
 The energy requirement is modest

 There is no other source of power available

 There is a good solar resource

3
 Managing Photovoltaic Projects

Photovoltaic Project Phases

 Typical glazing ratio

In cities where buildings tend to have high glazing ratios photovoltaic can be
incorporated as a shading strategy.
 Surface to volume ratio
While higher surface to volume ratios indicate a higher proportion of facade area
potentially available for facade-integrated photovoltaic. Lower values indicate
larger uninterrupted roof area for potential photovoltaic application.
4
 Managing Photovoltaic Projects

 Building and facade height

Planning legislation will clearly affect building heights. Where this results in all
building heights being similar there is little obstruction to roofs, which are
thus the best location for photovoltaic systems.
 Typical surface reflectance
High reflectance means that there is significantly more diffuse light available for
photovoltaic systems and therefore optimizing orientation becomes less
important. For low reflectance zones, photovoltaic systems need to be
designed for direct solar radiation access.
 Irradiation mapping
Irradiation mapping allows accurate prediction of the total annual solar energy
received by all surfaces within a suitably mapped area. The factors indicate
seasonal aggregates or components of the total (e.g. sun, sky, inter-reflected
radiation etc.) can also be created.

5
 Cost-Effective Hybrid
Renewable and Nonrenewable Energy Supply

 Modern renewable energy is being used - power generation, heating and

cooling, transport, and rural/off-grid energy services
 Building integrated photovoltaic systems offer opportunities to generate
electricity without occupying valuable urban land.

Typical Grid Connected Photovoltaic System Scheme [7]

6
 Case Study

 The first solar or photovoltaic (PV) cell was invented by Charles Fritts in the 1880s.

 This case study is conducted to offer real-life solution and leads to turning the opportunity into reality.

 The hybrid system is investigated to meet the domestic load demand that is estimated based on the communities’
electricity consumption culture.
 At first, customary pre-design is pursued.

 Afterward, the BEP (break-even point) and NPV (net present value) algorithms are applied for economic analysis.

7
 Pre design and Technical Consideration

 This section presents a preliminary design phase for a hybrid PV and diesel generator power system
 It is based on correlations for annual collectible solar radiation of PV arrays sizing and selecting appropriate diesel generator
 Detailed design should be different based on site location, load demand, and use of various facilities
 Two sets of solutions are considered for energy demand including losses and elements efficiencies
 The operating hours scenario for PV Includes battery bank backup for 19 hours and DGs 5 hours
 The proposed hybrid system can consist the wind power likewise PV.
 Guideline can apply to the real electrification project like medium scale size applications that required detailed design with
on-site compatibility.

8
 Load Demand

 Accurate electric load forecasting plays an essential role for electric power system planning and design.
 The load demand estimation has been for hypothetical individual community with considering sphere demand for
variations of load and public services areas electrification.
 Two types’ small/medium and large households, to supply 24 hours electricity
 The estimation is carried out with considering of time scale factor.
 The total demand is calculated for the sum of all appliances nominal power, but in real supplied is not practical and
should distinct the non-controllable appliances.
 The non-controllable appliances include all the domestic appliances which take action of on/off, such as TV, lights

9
 Load Demand

24 Hours Energy Demand Forecasting

Apparently, the power Pn on Nominal

Load No. of
Time Total
No Appliance Power of Energy
the fluorescent lamps does not (W)
Factor Appliance
Use (Wh/day)

include the power dissipated in Small/Medium House

the ballast. The current is given 1 Light 18 1.25 2 4 180
2 Fan 88 1 1 6 528
by : 3 Radio 15 1 1 8 120
4 TV 70 1 1 8 560
Miscellaneous
5 25 1 1 24 600
Load
Large House
1 Light 18 1.25 3 4 270
2 Fan 88 1 1 6 528
3 Radio 15 1 1 8 120
Where U is the voltage applied 4 TV 70 1 1 8 560
to the lamp. 25% of Pn may be 5 Computer 120 1 1 6 720
used. 6 Refrigerator 1200 1 1 - 1200
Miscellaneous
7 30 1 1 24 720
Load
Public Services

1 Public Services 200 1 2 12 4800

10
 Load Demand

Total
Energy Demands Energy Total Average
Average
Numbers of in Spring and Demands in Energy
Type of Consumers Power
Consumer Summer Fall and Winter Demand
Demand
(kWh/day) (kWh/day) (kWh/day)
(kW)
Small/Medium
18 1.988 1.460 31.032 1.293
House

Large House 12 4.118 2.390 39.048 1.627

Public Services 2 2.400 2.400 4.800 0.200

Total 74.88 3.120

Load Demand Estimation with Distinguish of Seasons

11
 Load Demand

 The refrigerator requires the most electricity. It will only be realistic to have a
year-round solar supply if the refrigerator is switched off in the winter;
otherwise, the winter consumption would more than double the size of the solar
system
 Therefore, in winter the fan and refrigerator are supposed to be switched off.

24 Hours Load Profile

12