18EES101J – BASIC ELECTRICAL

AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Prepared By,
Dr. A. Mohanbabu
Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Ramapuram Campus
 SYLLABUS
HOUR TOPICS TO BE COVERED
UNIT 1 ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
1 Introduction to DC and AC circuits. Active and Passive two terminal elements
Ohms law, Voltage-Current relation, Power, Energy, R,L,C Circuits, Voltage and Current
2
Sources
3 Kirchoff’s current law. Kirchoff's Voltage Law
4 Problem Solving Session,
5 Mesh Current Analysis, Nodal Voltage Analysis
6 Thevenin’s Theorem, Norton’s Theorem
7 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem, Star- Delta Transformation
8 Problem Solving Session
9 Resistive Circuit Analysis, Superposition, Convolution
10 RL Circuit Transient Analysis, RC & RLC Transient Analysis
11 Three Phase Systems, Connections, Relation between Line and Phase
12 Problem Solving Session
 SYLLABUS
HOUR TOPICS TO BE COVERED
UNIT 2 DC MACHINES AND AC MACHINES
Sinusoids, Generation of AC, Average, RMS values, Form and peak factors, Analysis of single
13 phase AC circuit, Real, Reactive, Apparent power, Power factor
Magnetic materials, B-H Characteristics Simple magnetic circuits, Faraday's laws, induced emfs
14 and inductances.
1 - phase transformers: Construction,
15 types, ideal, practical transformer. EMF equation, Regulation, Efficiency
16 Problem Solving Session
17 Construction, working of DC Generators, Types of DC generators
18 Characteristics of Generators, Armature reaction, Losses
Power stages of DC generators, Working and types of DC motors,
19 Characteristics, Starters
20 Problem Solving Session
21 Construction, working of AC Generators, Types of AC generators
22 Characteristics of AC Generators, Losses, Single Phase and Three Phase Machines
23 Working and types of AC motors, Induction, Squirrel Cage, Synchronous
24 Problem Solving Session
SYLLABUS
HOUR TOPICS TO BE COVERED
UNIT 3 ELECTRONICS DEVICES
25 Safety measures in electrical systems, Types of wiring, wiring accessories
House wiring for staircase, fluorescent lamp, LED lamp & corridor wiring, Basic principles of earthing,
26 Types of
earthing. Grounding in DC circuits
Basic principles and classification of
27
instruments, Moving coil and moving iron instruments
28 Problem Solving Session

30 Overview of Semiconductors, PN junction diode, Zener diode

31 Diode circuits: rectifiers, half and full wave, Bridge type rectifier, filter circuit

32 Clippers and clampers

33 Problem Solving Session

34 BJT construction, operation, BJT characteristics (CB, CE and CC configurations) and uses
JFET construction, operation, JFET characteristics (CS configuration) and uses. MOSFET construction,
35
operation,
36 MOSFET characteristics (CS configuration) and uses- (qualitative analysis)

30 Problem Solving Session

SYLLABUS
HOUR TOPICS TO BE COVERED
UNIT 4 TRANSDUCER
37 Transducer function and requirements, Classification: Active and Passive
Displacement: Capacitive, Inductive, Variable Inductance, Linear Variable Differential
38
Transformer
39 Electromechanical: Pressure, Flow, Accelerometer,
40 Potentiometer etc. Strain Gauge
Chemical: pH probes, Electro galvanic Sensor etc., Electroacoustic: Mic, Speaker,
41
Piezoelectric, Sonar, Ultrasonic, Tactile, Geophones, Hydrophone
42 Electrooptical: LED, Laser, Photodiode, Photoresistor, Phototransistor
43 Photoconductive cell, photovoltaic cell,
44 solar cell, LED, infrared emitters, LCD, optocouplers
45 Thermoelectric: Resistance Temperature Detectors, Thermocouple, Thermistor
46 Electrostatic: Electrometer, Electromagnetic: Antenna, Hall effect, Magnetic Cartridge etc.,
47 Radio-acoustic: Geiger Muller Tubes,
48 Radio receiver, Radio transmitter
SYLLABUS
HOUR TOPICS TO BE COVERED
UNIT 5 DIGITAL CIRCUITS
49 Number systems, binary codes, Binary arithmetic
50 Boolean algebra, laws and theorems, Simplification of Boolean expression
51 Logic Gates and Operations, Simplification of Boolean expression
52 Simplification of Boolean expression
53 SOP and POS Expressions, Standard forms of Boolean expression
Simplify using Boolean Expressions, Minterm and Maxterm, K-Map Simple
54
ReductionTechnique, Two, Three and Four Variable K-Map
Problem Solving Session (Minterm and Maxterm, K-Map Simple ReductionTechnique,
55
Two, Three and Four Variable K-Map)
56 Principles of Communication, Block diagram of a Communication System
57 Amplitude Modulation, Frequency Modulation
58 Phase Modulation
59 Demodulation
60 Problem Solving Session
Electricity

Movement of electrons
Invisible force that provides
light, heat, sound, motion . . .
Conductors and Insulators
Conductors Insulators

Electrons flow easily Electron flow is difficult

between atoms between atoms

1-3 valence electrons in 5-8 valence electrons in

outer orbit outer orbit

Examples: Silver, Examples: Mica, Glass,

Copper, Gold, Aluminum Quartz
Conductors and Insulators
Identify conductors and insulators

Conductors Insulators
Electrical Circuit
A system of conductors and components forming a complete path for current
to travel

Properties of an electrical circuit include

Voltage Volts V
Current Amps A
Resistance Ohms Ω
Current
The flow of electric charge
- measured in AMPERES (A)

Tank (Battery) Faucet (Switch)

Pipe (Wiring)

When the faucet (switch) is off,

is there any flow (current)?
NO
When the faucet (switch) is on,
is there any flow (current)?
YES
Current in a Circuit

off on

When the switch is off, there is no current.

When the switch is on, there is current.
Current Flow
Conventional Current assumes
that current flows out of the
positive side of the battery,
Conventional
through the circuit, and back to Current
the negative side of the battery.
This was the convention
established when electricity was
first discovered, but it is
incorrect!
Electron Flow is what actually Electron
happens. The electrons flow out of Flow

the negative side of the battery,

through the circuit, and back to
the positive side of the battery.
Engineering vs. Science
The direction that the current flows does not affect what the
current is doing; thus, it doesn’t make any difference which
convention is used as long as you are consistent.
Both Conventional Current and Electron Flow are used. In
general, the science disciplines use Electron Flow, whereas
the engineering disciplines use Conventional Current.
Since this is an engineering course, we will use Conventional
Current .

Electron Conventional
Flow Current
Voltage
The force (pressure) that causes
current to flow
- measured in VOLTS (V)

Tank (Battery) Faucet (Switch)

Pipe (Wiring)

When the faucet (switch) is off, is there any pressure (voltage)?

YES – Pressure (voltage) is pushing against the pipe, tank, and
the faucet.
When the faucet (switch) is on, is there any pressure (voltage)?
YES – Pressure (voltage) pushes flow (current) through the
system.
Voltage in a Circuit

off on

The battery provides voltage that will push

current through the bulb when the switch is on.
Resistance
The opposition of current flow
- measured in Ohms (Ω)

Tank (Battery) Faucet (Switch)

Pipe (Wiring)

What happens to the flow (current) if a rock

gets lodged in the pipe?
Flow (current) decreases.
Resistance in a Circuit

Resistor

off on

Resistors are components that create resistance.

Reducing current causes the bulb to become
more dim.
CIRCUIT

► A closed conducting path through which an electric current flows or is

intended to flow
► The various elements of an electric circuit, like resistance, inductance and capacitance
which may be lumped or distributed.

Inductor
Resistors Capacitors
ALTERNATING CURRENT
► A current that is constantly changing in amplitude and direction.
ELECTRICAL NETWORKS
► Connection of various electric elements in any manner
► PASSIVE COMPONENT
► The circuit elements that receive energy (or absorb energy) and either convert it into
heat or store it in an electric field or a magnetic field are called passive circuit
elements.

► Active components
► are devices that can amplify an electric signal and produce power. Any characteristic
active component will comprise an oscillator, transistor or an integrated circuit.
ELECTRICAL NETWORKS
► Node
► A junction in a circuit where two or more circuit elements and/or branches are
connected together.

► Branch
► Part of a network which lies between two junctions.
► Loop
► A closed path in a circuit in which no element or node is encountered more than
once.

► Mesh
► A loop that contains no other loop within it.
OHM’S LAW

►
KIRCHHOFF’S LAW
KIRCHHOFF’S LAW

► KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW

► The algebraic sum of the products of currents and resistances in each of the conductors in
any closed path (or mesh) in a network PLUS the algebraic sum of the emfs in the path is
zero.”
Series Circuits
A circuit that contains only one path for current flow
If the path is open anywhere in the circuit, current
stops flowing to all components.
SERIES RESISTANCE

We Know V = IR, Therefore

Series Circuits
Characteristics of a series circuit

► The current flowing through every series component is equal.

► The total resistance (RT) is equal to the sum of all of the
resistances (i.e., R1 + R2 + R3).
► The sum of all of the voltage drops (VR1 + VR2 + VR3) is equal to
the total applied voltage (VT). This is called Kirchhoff’s
Voltage Law.
VR1
IT + -

+ +
VT VR2
- -

- +
RT
VR3
Example: Series Circuit
For the series circuit shown, use the laws of circuit theory to
calculate the following:
• The total resistance (RT)
• The current flowing through each component (IT, IR1, IR2, &
IR3)
• The voltage across each component (VT, VR1, VR2, & VR3)
• Use the results to verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.
VR1
IT + -

+ IR1 +
VT IR2 VR2
- IR3 -

- +
RT
VR3
Example: Series Circuit
Solution:
Total Resistance:

Current Through Each Component:

V

I R
Example: Series Circuit
Solution:
Voltage Across Each Component:

I R
Example: Series Circuit
Solution:
Verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law:
Parallel Circuits
A circuit that contains more than one path for
current flow
If a component is removed, then it is possible
for the current to take another path to reach
other components.
PARALLEL CIRCUIT
► ►
Parallel Circuits
Characteristics of a Parallel Circuit

► The voltage across every parallel component is equal.

► The total resistance (RT) is equal to the reciprocal of the sum of the
reciprocal:

► The sum of all of the currents in each branch (IR1 + IR2 + IR3) is equal to
the total current (IT). This is called Kirchhoff’s Current Law.

IT

+ + + +
VT VR1 VR2 VR3
- - - -

RT
Example Parallel Circuits
For the parallel circuit shown, use the laws of circuit theory to
calculate the following:
• The total resistance (RT)
• The voltage across each component (VT, VR1, VR2, & VR3)
• The current flowing through each component (IT, IR1, IR2, & IR3)
• Use the results to verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law.

IT

IR1 IR2 IR3

+ + + +
VT VR1 VR2 VR3
- - - -

45
RT
Example Parallel Circuits
Solution:
Total Resistance:

Voltage Across Each Component:

Example Parallel Circuits
Solution:
Current Through Each Component:

I R
Example Parallel Circuits
Solution:
Verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law:
Combination Circuits
Contain both series and parallel arrangements

What would happen if you removed light 1? light

2? light 3?

2 3
 Electrical Power
Electrical power is directly related to
the amount of current and voltage
within a system.

Power is measured in watts

Ideal AND PRACTICAL Voltage Source
► Independent sources: An (ideal) independent source is an active element that provides a specified
voltage or current that is independent of other circuit elements and/or how the source is used in
the circuit.
► Symbol for independent voltage source
(a) Used for constant or time-varying voltage
(b) Used for constant voltage (dc)
Ideal Current Source

► Equivalent representation of ideal independent current sources whose current

i(t) is maintained under all voltage requirements of the attached circuit:
Ideal Dependent (Controlled) Source

► An ideal dependent (controlled) source is an active element whose quantity is

controlled by a voltage or current of another circuit element.
► Dependent sources are usually presented by diamond-shaped symbols:
Dependent (Controlled) Source

► There are four types of dependent sources:

► Voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS)

► Current-controlled voltage source (CCVS)

Dependent (Controlled) Source

► Dependent (Controlled) Source

► Current-controlled current source (CCCS)

Example: Dependent Source

► In the following circuits, identify the type of dependent sources:

Current
Dependent
Voltage Source

Current
Dependent
Current Source
SOURCE TRANSFORMATION

► It is process of in which the circuit can be simplify or modified which make our circuit more
easy to solve
► If any circuit is having the voltage source in series it can be converted into current source
with parallel with that resistance . This process can be reciprocated
Short and Open Circuits
► A device with zero resistance is called short circuit and a device with zero
conductance (i.e., infinite resistance) is called open circuit.
Example
► The power absorbed by the 10-kΩ resistor in the following circuit is 3.6 mW.
Determine the voltage and the current in the circuit.
Example

► In the following circuit find Req:

Example

► In the following circuit find the resistance seen between the two terminal s A and
B, i.e., RAB
Example

► In the following circuit find I1, I2, I3, Va, and Vb.
Mesh CURRENT (Loop)
 INTRODUCTION
► Branch currents and branch voltages in a network can be
found by the application of ohms law, KCL and KVL.
► For the solution of complicated networks the direct
application of these basic methods is laborious.
► Mesh-current and node-voltage methods reduce the
number of unknown variables and the number of
simultaneous equations needed to describe a network.
► Nodal analysis by applying KCL at each non-reference
node.
► Loop analysis by applying KVL around loops in the circuit.
► Loop (mesh) analysis results in a system of linear
equations which must be solved for unknown currents.
 Mesh CURRENT (Loop) Analysis A mesh is defined as a
closed path around a circuit that does not contain any
other closed path within it.

4Ω 10 Ω

+ +
5Ω
V1 = 8 V V1 = 6 V
– –

For the above network, find the current flowing through the 5
Ω
Resistor using mesh analysis.
 Steps of Mesh Analysis

1. Identify mesh (loops).

(number of loop = number of equations)
2. Assign a current direction to each mesh (clock or anti-clock wise) with
polarity.
3. Apply KVL around each loop to get an equation in terms of the loop currents.
4. Solve the resulting system of linear equations using Cramer’ rule .
 1. Identifying the Meshes

4Ω 10 Ω

V1 = 8 V + Mesh Mesh + V1 = 6 V
– 1 2 –

5Ω
number of loop = number of equations
2=2
2.Assign a current direction to each
mesh. (clock or anti-clock wise)
+ 4Ω – + 10 Ω –

+ –
V1 = 8 V + + V1 = 6 V
– I1 I2 –
– +
5Ω

Mark the polarity for passive components present in the

circuit.
Voltages from Mesh Currents

+ VR –
+ VR – I2
R R

I1 I1

I1 R (I1 - I2 ) R
PROBLEM 1: DETERMINE LOOP CURRENTS

+ 4Ω – 10Ω –
+
+
V1 = 8 V
+ 5Ω +
I1 I2 V1 = 6 V
– –
–

4 I1 + 5(I1 - I2) - 8 = 0
4 I1 + 5I1 -5I2 - 8 = 0
8=9I1 -5I2

1
 3.KVL Around Mesh 2 (one way)

+ 4Ω – 10Ω –
+
+ –
V1 = 8 V
+ 5Ω +
I1 I2 V1 = 6 V
– –
– +

10 I2 + 6 + 5(I2 – I1) = 0
10 I2 + 6 +5I2 - 5I1 = 0
15 I2 + 6 - 5I1 = 0
-6 = - 5I1 + 15I2

2
3.KVL Around Mesh 2 (second way)

+ 4Ω – 10Ω –
+
+
V1 = 8 V
+ 5Ω +
I1 I2 V1 = 6 V
– –
–

10 I2 + 6 - 5(I1 – I2) = 0
10 I2 + 6 +5I2 - 5I1 = 0
15 I2 + 6 - 5I1 = 0
-6 = - 5I1 + 15I2

2
Matrix Notation
► The two equations can be combined into a single matrix/vector
equation.

8=9 I1 - 5I2 -6 = - 5I1 + 15I2

Matrix Notation
►

86
Redraw the circuit

+ – + – + –

+
–
– I2 +
I1

+ + –

–
Solution
► ►
►
Determine Loop Current for the circuit
shown Below
►
NODAL ANALYSIS
NODAL ANALYSIS ( IT USES KCL)

► STEP 1
► Find the total Number of nodes in the given circuit, assume one node to be
grounded which has 0V.

► STEP 2
► Assume all currents are leaving their respective nodes
► STEP 3
► By using KCL obtain the equation
► STEP 4
► Solve the equations and determine the nodal voltages
Determine the current flowing through
10Ω resistor
►

c d
Determine Node Voltage for the
following circuit
Solution
►
Solution

► ►
THANK YOU