Object Oriented Programming
(CS1143)
Department of Computer Science
Capital University of Science and Technology (CUST)
Structured Programming
(Revision)
Week 1
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Example:
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#Include
# Include
The #include directive tells the compiler to include some already existing C++ code
in your program
The included file is then linked with the program
There are two forms of #include statements:
#include <iostream> //for pre-defined files
#include "my_lib.h" //for user-defined
files
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Input and Output Statements
cin >> variable-name;
Meaning: read the value of the variable called <variable-name> from
the user
Example:
cin >> a;
cin >> b >> c;
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Input and Output Statements Cont..
cout << variable-name;
Meaning: print the value of variable <name> to the user
cout << “any message”;
Meaning: print the message within quotes to the user
cout << endl;
Meaning: print a new line
Example:
cout << a;
cout << b << c;
cout << “This is my character: “<<endl << my-character<< endl;
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Comments
Part of good programming is the inclusion of comments in the
program
There are two type of Comments
Single-line comments
// Welcome to C++ Programming
Multiple-line comments
Enclosed between /* and */
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A Choice Statement
Syntax
if(condition)
false
condition
action
if the condition is true then execute the
true
action.
action
action is either a single statement or a
group of statements within braces.
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Another Choice Statement
Syntax
if (condition)
true false
Action_A condition
else
Action_B
if the condition is true Action_A Action_B
execute Action_A
else
execute Action_B
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A Loop Statement
Syntax
while (condition)
action
How it works: condition
false
if condition is true then execute action
repeat this process until condition
evaluates to false
true
action is either a single statement or a
group of statements within braces. action
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Another Loop Statement
Syntax
for (initialization; condition; update)
action initialization
How it works:
execute initialization
false
statement condition
while condition is true
true
execute action
execute update action
update
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Yet Another Loop Statement
Syntax
do action
while (condition)
action
How it works:
execute action
if condition is true then execute action again
repeat this process until condition evaluates to false. true
condition
action is either a single statement or a group of
statements within braces. false
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Example: Get 5 numbers from the user and
add them
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Example: Diamond Pattern
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Arrays
Array is a data structure that represents a collection of
variables of the same data type
Once an array is created, its size is fixed
The following will create an array of size 5
int c[5];
We can directly initialize the same array as
int c[]={1,2,3,4,5};
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Using the Shorthand Notation
double[] myList = {1, 9, 3, 5};
This shorthand notation is equivalent to the following statements:
double[] myList = new double[4];
myList[0] = 1;
myList[1] = 9;
myList[2] = 3;
myList[3] = 5;
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Arrays Cont..
Example
double[] myList = new double[10];
myList reference myList[0]
myList[1]
myList[2]
myList[3]
myList[4]
myList[5]
myList[6]
myList[7]
myList[8]
myList[9]
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Initializing Arrays
Using a loop:
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
myList[i] = i;
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Example Sorting
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String array
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Functions
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Pass by Value Example
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Pass by Reference Example A reference variable is an alias
for another variable. To declare a
reference variable, place the
ampersand ( & ) in front of the
variable or after the data type for
the variable
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Pointers
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Using & to get address of a variable
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Pointers
Pointer variables, simply called pointers, are
declared to hold memory addresses as their values.
Although we can have different pointer types, what
is stored in a pointer variable is a 4-byte address.
In other words, the size of a pointer variable is fixed
in C++, which means that a pointer variable can
have an address from 0x00000000 to 0xFFFFFFFF.
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Example: Pointers
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Example: Pointers and Arrays
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Example: Pointers as Function Parameters
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Example: Passing Arrays to Functions
Are arrays passed by value or
by reference?
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Dynamic Memory allocation: new and delete
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That is all for Week 1
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