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1 Introduction To Computers and Computer Organization

The document discusses the basics of computer organization and microprocessors, including their history from vacuum tubes to modern integrated circuits. It introduces key concepts like the CPU, memory, and buses that connect different components. The course will cover the architecture of microprocessor systems and how to program in assembly language for the Intel 80x86 family.

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31 views36 pages

1 Introduction To Computers and Computer Organization

The document discusses the basics of computer organization and microprocessors, including their history from vacuum tubes to modern integrated circuits. It introduces key concepts like the CPU, memory, and buses that connect different components. The course will cover the architecture of microprocessor systems and how to program in assembly language for the Intel 80x86 family.

Uploaded by

emansheraz7
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Organization and Assembly Language

(CS2523)

Chapter 1 of
Computer Organization and Architecture, William Stallings, 11th Edition, Pearson

Department of Computer Science,


Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad
Spring Semester, 2023
Lecture Outlines
 Microprocessor Systems (Intro &
History)

 Evolution of Microprocessors
 Moore’s Law
 Introduction to Computer Organization
 Introduction to Assembly – Translating
Languages
Where this course fits in

3
Microprocessor

Any of a type of miniature electronic device that


contains the arithmetic, logic, and control
circuitry necessary to perform the functions of a
digital computer's central processing unit.
A Short List of Microprocessor Systems

• Digital Computers
• Digital Camera
• Digital television
• Digital audio & video
players
• Cell phones
• Modern radios
• Digital calculators
• Medical equipments
• Communication Equipments
• Control systems
Microprocessor vs Microcontroller
• Microprocessor consists of only a Central Processing Unit,
whereas

• Micro Controller contains a CPU, Memory, I/O all integrated


into one chip.

• Microprocessor is used in Personal Computers whereas

• Micro Controller is used in an embedded system.


Main Objectives of Course

• Describe the function of each unit inside


the microprocessor (Architectural details).

• Understand and write code in the Intel


Assembly language for the 80xxx family.
Historical Background

• First Generation
– No mechanical components anymore
– Vacuum Tubes
• Principle
– Basic: Triode
– Grid voltage (anode) to simply turn a current
On / Off (Half wave rectification)
• 1946: ENIAC machine
– Electronic Numerical Integrator And
Computer
Historical Background

• ENIAC
Historical Background

• IAS Machine1952 by von Neumann


– Institute for Advanced Studies computer
– First machine based on machine language(binary)
Historical Background
IAS Machine
• Dominant architecture in today’s systems
– Used in all popular systems / chips
• Modifications/Up-gradations
– CPU (Central Processing Unit)
– New memory paths between memory and I/O
Direct Memory Access (DMA)

• New incorporated Ideas


– Multiple arithmetic units / Multiple CPUs
(Multicore)
– Parallel processing
Historical Background

• Transistors replaced Vacuum tubes in 1958


– Smaller, more power efficient
– Still large machines

• Evolution of Integrated Circuits(IC’s) in 1958


– Many transistors packed on one die
– High density & reliability, low power
Historical Background
Gen. Dates Technology Speed Time/Ops
1 1946-1957 Vacuum tube 40 KHz 25 µs
2 1958-1964 Transistor 200 KHz 5 µs
3 1965-1971 Small and 1 MHz 1 µs
medium
integrated
circuits
4 1972-1977 Large 10 MHz 100 ns
scale
integrati
on
5 1978- Very large 100 MHz 10 ns
scale
integration
Microprocessors Age -- Intel

• In 1971
• The world’s 1st microprocessor, the Intel 4004
was introduced
• 4-bit microprocessor
• Addresses only 4096 x 4bit memory
• Speed 50k instructions per second
Example: A thermostat

• 4-bit microprocessor

• A thermostat is a component
which senses the temperature of
a physical system and performs
actions so that the system's
temperature is maintained near a
desired set point.
Microprocessors Age -- Intel

• Later in 1971
– 8008 was released
– 8-bit version of the 4004
– It addressed a 16K byte memory

• In 1973
– 8080 was introduced
– limitations of the speed and instruction set of
8008 were addressed and improved
– It addressed a 64K bytes memory
Example: NASA's Mars Sojourner Rover

• 8-bit microprocessor
• Intel’s 80C85
Example: NASA's Mars Sojourner Rover

• 8-bit microprocessor
• Intel’s 80C85

• Sojourner is the Mars Pathfinder robotic Mars rover that


landed on July 4, 1997 in the Ares Vallis region, and
explored Mars for around three months. It has front and
rear cameras and hardware to conduct several scientific
experiments.
Microprocessors Age -- Intel

• In 1978-79
– 8086 and 8088 modern µp’s (Microprocessors)
were introduced.
– 16-bit microprocessors (8 bit external data bus for 8088)
– Addresses 1M byte of memory.
– 2.5 million instructions per second
– Multiply and divide instructions included
• International Business Machines(IBM) decided to
use the 8088 in its first ever PC in 1981 making it
very popular
Microprocessors Age -- Intel

• Intel 80x86 Family


– The 80286, 16-bit microprocessor
• Addresses a 16 M byte memory
• S p e e d 4 MIPs
– The 80386 was introduced in 1986
• It was the first 32-bit microprocessor that contained a
32- bit data bus and a 32-bit address bus.
– The 80486 was introduced in 1989
• It had an 8K byte cache memory in addition to
being faster than the .386

Million instructions per second (MIPS) is an older, obsolete measure of a computer's speed and
power, MIPS measures roughly the number of machine instructions that a computer can execute
in one second.
Microprocessors Age -- Intel

• Intel Pentium Microprocessors


– Introduced in 1993
– 16K byte Cache Memory
– 4G Bytes of Memory Addressing
– S p e e d 1 5 0 MIPs
– Data bus width increased to 64-
bit
• Later Pentium versions are up-gradations of above
specifications in terms of Speed, Memory(levels
of caches) and more complex instruction set
Example: Sony Aibo ERS-110 Robotic Dog
• Microprocessor:
64- bit MIPS RISC

What they have in


common: They sense
the environment
(input signals),
decide on (compute)
their actions
(responses) in real
time.
RISC (reduced instruction set computer) is a microprocessor that is designed to perform a
smaller number of types of computer instructions so that it can operate at a higher speed
(perform more millions of instructions per second, or MIPS).
Moore’s Law

• Gorden Moore (Co-founder of Intel) observed in 1965


that the number of transistors that could be put on a
single chip was doubling every year and predicted
that this pace would continue

• He later revised the time to 18 months (in 1975)


and this rate has sustained since
Moore’s Law
Moore’s Law
Computer Organization

• This course is design to understand the


basics organization of computers

• Address bus - carries memory addresses


from the processor to other components such
as primary storage and input/output devices.
The address bus is unidirectional .
Computer Organization
• Data bus - carries the data between the processor and
other components. The data bus is bidirectional .

• Control bus - carries control signals from the


processor to other components. The control bus also
carries the clock's pulses. The control bus is
bidirectional. For example to communicate from other
devices to processor that other device is busy or having
some issue to get data from the required address.
Basic Computer Organization

Processor Memory

I/O

30
Basic Computer Organization

Processor Memory Data


Operation

31
Basic Computer Organization

Processor Memory Data


Operation

32
Basic Computer Organization

Address Bus

Data Bus
Processor Memory
Control Bus

33
Dimensions of Memory
Horizontal Dimensions = Width of Memory Cell

00000000
00000001
Binary Vertical
Dimensions

Addresses
=

Of
Size of

Memory 00100011 Memory

00100100
Cells
00100101 34
Translating Languages

English: Display the sum of A times B plus


C.

C++: cout << (A * B + C);


Intel Machine
Assembly Language:
Language: A1
mov eax,A
mul B 00000000
add eax,C F7 25 00000004
call
03 05 00000008
WriteInt
E8 00500000
Translating Languages
WriteInt PROC

Writes a signed 32-bit decimal number to standard output in decimal format with a leading sign and no leading zeros.

Call args: EAX = signed number to write

Return arg: None

Example:

mov eax,216543
call WriteInt

Output: +216543
NOTES: To write an unsigned integer, use the WriteDec procedure.
To write in hexadecimal, use the WriteHex procedure.
To write in binary, use the WriteBin procedure.
Use the mShow macro to display the contents of an 8-, 16-, or 32-bit variable or register in any combination of
hexadecimal, signed decimal, unsigned decimal, or binary formats.

The FUNCTION directive marks the start of a function. PROC is a synonym for FUNCTION.

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