I.C.

ENGINES
 I.C. ENGINE: is a device which transforms the chemical energy
of a fuel into thermal energy and uses this thermal energy to
produce mechanical work.
 Engines normally convert thermal energy into mechanical work
and therefore they are called heat engines.
 Heat engines can be broadly classified into :
 i) Internal combustion engines ( IC Engines ).
 ii) External combustion engines ( EC Engines).
 External Combustion Engines (E.C. Engines): In this case, combustion of fuel takes
place outside the cylinder as in case of steam engines where the heat of combustion is
employed to generate steam which is used to move a piston in a cylinder. Other
examples of external combustion engines are hot air engines, steam turbine and closed
cycle gas turbine. These engines are generally used for driving locomotives, ships,
generators of electric power etc.
 Internal Combustion Engines (I.C. Engines): In this case, combustion of the fuel with
oxygen of the air occurs within the cylinder of the engine. The internal combustion
engines group includes engines employing mixtures of combustible gases and air, known
as gas engines, those using lighter liquid fuel or spirit known as petrol engines and those
using heavier liquid fuels, known as oil compression ignition or diesel engines The
external combustion engines claim the following advantages over internal combustion.
 CLASSIFICATION OF I.C ENGINE
1. According to cycle of operation:
According to cycle of operation:
I) Two-stroke cycle engines
II) Four-stroke cycle engines.
2. According to cycle of combustion:
(i) Otto cycle engine (combustion at constant volume)
(ii) Diesel cycle engine (combustion at constant pressure)
(iii) Dual-combustion or Semi-Diesel cycle engine (combustion partly at
constant volume and partly at constant pressure.
 CLASSIFICATION OF I.C ENGINE
3. According to arrangement of cylinder:
 Horizontal engine, Vertical Engine, V-type Engine and Radial Engine.
4. According to their uses:
 Stationary Engine, Portable Engine, Marine Engine, Automobile Engine And
Aero Engine.
5. According to the fuel employed and the method of fuel supply to the engine
cylinder:
 Petrol Engine, Kerosene Engine, Oil Engine And Gas Engine.
 CLASSIFICATION OF I.C ENGINE
6. According to the speed of the engine:
 Low speed engine
 Medium speed engine
 High speed engine.
7. According to method of ignition:
 Spark ignition (S.I.) engine.
 Compression ignition (C.I.) engine
8. According to method of cooling the cylinder:
 Air-cooled engine.
 Water-cooled engine
 CLASSIFICATION OF I.C ENGINE
According to number of cylinders:
(1) Single cylinder engine
(2) Multi cylinder engine
According to method of governing :
(1) Hit and miss governed engine.
(2) Quality governed engine
(3) Quantity governed engine.
According to valve arrangement:
(I) Overhead valve engine, (ii) L-head type engine, (iii) T-head type engine,
(iv) F-head type engine.
 PARTS OF ENGINE
BASIC COMPONENT THE ENGINE
 Cylinder block.
 Cylinder head.
 Piston
 Piston rings.
 Gudgeon pin.
IC ENGINES
 Connecting rod.
 Crank.
 Crankshaft.
 Camshaft.
 Intake valve.
 Exhaust valve.
 Spark plug.
 Fly wheel.
Piston: A piston is a cylindrical engine component that slides back and forth in the cylinder
bore by forces produced during the combustion process.
Piston rings:
Piston rings seal the compression gases and lubricants the cylinder and other components.
1. A compression ring is the piston ring located in the ring groove closest to the piston head the
compression ring seals the combustion chamber from any leakage during the combustion
process.
2. An oil ring is the piston ring located in the ring groove closest to the crankcase. The oil ring
is used to wipe excess oil from the cylinder wall during piston movement. Excess oil is
returned through ring openings to the oil reservoir in the engine block.
 A piston pin is a hollow shaft that connects the small end of the connecting rod to the
piston.
 The skirt of a piston is the portion of the piston closest to the crankshaft that helps align
the piston as it moves in the cylinder bore. Some skirts have profiles cut into them to
reduce piston mass and to provide clearance for the rotating crankshaft counterweights.
 Pistons are commonly made of a cast aluminum alloy for excellent and lightweight
thermal conductivity.
 Cylinder
 Cylinder is the main body of IC engine. Cylinder is a part in which the intake of fuel,
compression of fuel and burning of fuel take place. The main function of cylinder is to
guide the piston. It is in direct contact with the products of combustion so it must be cooled.
 Cylinder head
 The top end of the engine cylinder is closed by means of removable cylinder head. There
are two holes or ports at the cylinder head, one for intake of fuel and other for exhaust.
 Engine bearing
 Everywhere there is rotary action in the engine, bearings are needed. Bearings are used to
support the moving parts. The crankshaft is supported by bearing. The connecting rod big
end is attached to the crank pin on the crank of the crankshaft by a bearing. A piston pin at
the small end is used to attach the rod to the piston is also rides in bearings. The main
function of bearings is to reduce friction between these moving parts. In an IC engine
sliding and rolling types of bearing used
 Connecting rod: It converts reciprocating motion of the piston into circular
motion of the crank shaft, in the working stroke. The smaller end of the
connecting rod is connected with the piston by gudgeon pin and bigger end
of the connecting rod is connected with the crank with crank pin.
 The special steel alloys or aluminum alloys are used for the manufacture of
connecting rod.
 Crankshaft: It converts the reciprocating motion of the piston into the
rotary motion with the help of connecting rod. The special steel alloys are
used for the manufacturing of the crankshaft. It consists of eccentric portion
called crank.
 Crank case: It houses cylinder and crankshaft of the IC engine and also
serves as sump for the lubricating oil.
 Flywheel: It is big wheel mounted on the crankshaft, whose function is to
maintain its speed constant. It is done by storing excess energy during the
power stroke, which is returned during other stroke.
Valves
To control the inlet and exhaust of internal combustion engine, valves are used. The
number of valves in an engine depends on the number of cylinders. Two valves are used
for each cylinder one for inlet of air-fuel mixture inside the cylinder and other for exhaust
of combustion gases. The valves are fitted in the port at the cylinder head by use of strong
spring. This spring keep them closed. Both valves usually open inwards.
Spark plug
It is used in spark ignition engine. The main function of a spark plug is to conduct a high
potential from the ignition system into the combustion chamber to ignite the compressed
air fuel mixture. It is fitted on cylinder head. The spark plug consists of a metal shell
having two electrodes which are insulated from each other with an air gap. When high
potential current supply to spark plug it jumping from the supply electrode and produces
the necessary spark.
Injector
Injector is usually used in compression ignition engine. It sprays the fuel into combustion
chamber at the end of compression stroke. It is fitted on cylinder head.
Manifold
 The main function of manifold is to supply the air fuel mixture and collects
the exhaust gases equally from all cylinder. In an internal combustion
engine two manifold are used, one for intake and other for exhaust. They are
usually made by aluminum alloy.
Camshaft
 Camshaft is used in IC engine to control the opening and closing of valves
at proper timing. For proper engine output inlet valve should open at the end
of exhaust stroke and closed at the end of intake stroke. So to regulate its
timing, a cam is use which is oval in shape and it exerts a pressure on the
valve to open and release to close. It is drive by the timing belt which drives
by crankshaft. It is placed at the top or at the bottom of cylinder.
 1.Top dead center (T.D.C.)
In a reciprocating engine the piston moves to and fro motion in the cylinder. When the piston
moves upper direction in the cylinder, a point at which the piston comes to rest or change its
direction known as top dead center. It is situated at top end of cylinder.
 2. Bottom dead center (B.D.C.)
When the piston moves in downward direction, a point at which the piston come to rest or
change its direction known as bottom dead center. It is situated in bottom side of cylinder.
 3. Stroke (L)
The maximum distance travel by the piston in single direction is known as stroke. It is the
distance between top dead center and bottom dead center.
 4. Bore (b)
The inner diameter of cylinder known as bore of cylinder.
 5. Maximum or total volume of cylinder (Vtotal)
It is the volume of cylinder when the piston is at bottom dead center. Generally, it is measure
in centimeter cube (c.c.).
 6. Minimum or clearance volume of cylinder (Vclearance)
It is the volume of cylinder when the piston is at top dead center.
 7. Swept or displace volume (Vswept)
It is the volume which swept by the piston. The difference between total volume and clearance
volume is known as swept volume.
 Swept volume = Total volume – Clearance volume
 8. Compression ratio
The ratio of maximum volume to minimum volume of cylinder is known as the
compression ratio. It is 8 to 12 for spark ignition engine and 12 to 24 for
compression ignition engine.
 Compression ratio = Total volume / Clearance volume
 9. Ignition delay
It is the time interval between the ignition start (spark plug start in S.I. engine and
inject fuel in C.I. engine) and the actual combustion starts.
 10. Stroke bore ratio
Stroke bore ratio is the ratio of bore (diameter of cylinder) to length of stroke. It is
generally equal to one for small engine and less than one for large engine.
 Stroke bore ratio = inner diameter of cylinder / length of stroke
 11. Mean effective pressure
The average pressure acting upon the piston is known as mean effective pressure. It
is given by the ratio of the work done by the engine to the total volume of engine.
2 STROKE PETROL ENGINE

A two-stroke engine is a type of internal combustion engine

that completes a power cycle with two strokes of the piston
during only one crankshaft revolution. This is in contrast to a
four-stroke engine that requires four strokes of the piston to
complete a power cycle during two crankshaft revolutions.
 Spark Plug – It delivers electric current to the combustion chamber and
in turn ignites the air-fuel mixture leading to abrupt expansion of gases.
 Counter Weight – Counterweight on the crankshaft is used to reduce the
vibrations due to imbalances in the rotating assembly.
 Transfer Port – the compressed air fuel mixture is transferred from the
crankcase to the combustion space through the transfer port.
 Exhaust Gas Port – exhaust gas is discharged from the combustion space
through the exhaust gas port.
 Crankcase – houses the internal parts of the engine. The air fuel mixture
is compressed within the crankcase prior to entering the transfer port.
 Two-Stroke Engine Cycle
 Suction Stage
 As the piston nears bottom dead centre (BDC), it compresses the air fuel
mixture within the crankcase and the transfer port is uncovered. As soon as
the transfer port is uncovered, the compressed air fuel mixture flows from the
crankcase into the combustion space.
 The piston then begins travelling towards top dead centre (TDC) and covers
the transfer port whist also uncovering the crankcase inlet port; the air fuel
mixture then begins flowing from the uncovered inlet port into the crankcase.
 Compression Stage
 The piston continues travelling towards TDC and covers the exhaust port. The air
fuel mixture within the combustion space is compressed by the piston as it moves
towards TDC. Both the temperature and pressure within the combustion space
increase significantly during this stage
 Ignition Stage
 Shortly before TDC, a spark from a spark plug ignites the air fuel mixture. Ignition
occurs and a rapid increase in pressure and temperature forces the piston back
towards BDC.
 Exhaust Stage
 As the piston travels towards BDC, two things occur. First, the exhaust
port is uncovered and exhaust gas is discharged from the combustion
space. Second, the movement of the piston towards BDC compresses the
air fuel mixture within the crankcase.
 The piston nears BDC and the transfer port is uncovered; the compressed
air fuel mixture enters the combustion space and the cycle begins again.
 Strokes are:
1. Suction: Piston moves down from TDC to BDC which will create a
pressure difference in the cylinder, the inlet valve is opened and air is
drawn in. During suction stroke the inlet valve is open and exhaust valve
is closed. The motion of the valves is controlled by the camshaft and at
the end of the stroke the inlet valve will also close.
2. Compression: Piston moves from BDC to TDC and the air is
compressed. During compression both inlet and exhaust valves are closed
so that when the piston moves up it can compress the air. At the end of the
stroke the fuel injector injects a little bit of fuel so that it will fill up the
area.
 Power stroke: After compression the pressure and temperature raises that
the fuel auto ignites and explosion takes place which pushes the piston
toward BDC and one power stroke is generated, for every two
revolutions of crankshaft there is one power stroke. Both the valves
remain closed during this stroke.
 Exhaust stroke: After the power stroke the burnt gas is pushed out from
the exhaust valve when the piston goes from BDC to TDC and also due
to the difference of pressure between the cylinder and the atmosphere.
During the exhaust stroke the exhaust valve is opened and the inlet is
closed.