Scribd
Upload
25 views

Lecture # 2

The document discusses key concepts in calculus including limits, continuity, derivatives, integration, and series. It defines the learning outcomes for the course as understanding the concept of limits, derivatives and their applications, integration and how to use it to compute areas and volumes, and sequence and series convergence. The document then discusses functions, their domains and ranges, and how functions differ from simple relations. It provides examples of specifying the domain and range of functions given their algebraic representations or graphs.

Uploaded by

kingmc.chohan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
25 views

Lecture # 2

The document discusses key concepts in calculus including limits, continuity, derivatives, integration, and series. It defines the learning outcomes for the course as understanding the concept of limits, derivatives and their applications, integration and how to use it to compute areas and volumes, and sequence and series convergence. The document then discusses functions, their domains and ranges, and how functions differ from simple relations. It provides examples of specifying the domain and range of functions given their algebraic representations or graphs.

Uploaded by

kingmc.chohan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 32

Calculus & Analytical Geometry Instructor: Dr.

Rai Sajjad
MATH- 101 (SEECS, NUST)
Course Learning Outcomes
(CLOs)
At the end of the course the students will be able to:

CLO1: Understand the concept of limit, continuity and


derivative with its application to find extrema.
CLO2: Understand integration and use it to compute areas,
volumes and arc length.
CLO3: Comprehend sequence, series and their convergence
using miscellaneous tests.
Functions
Domain and Range
Functions vs. Relations
• A "relation" is just a relationship between
sets of information.

• A “function” is a well-behaved relation, that


is, given a starting point we know exactly
where to go.
Example
• Students and their heights, i.e. the pairing of
students and heights.
• We can think of this relation as ordered pair:
• (height, student)
Or
• (student, height)
Name Height
(in feet)
Ali=1 6’=6

Usman=2 5’9”=5.75

Hina=3 5’=5

Alia=4 5’=5

Salar=5 6’6”=6.5
Salar

Alia

Hina

Usman

Ali

Ali Usman Hina Alia Salar

• Both graphs are relations.


• (height, student) is not well-behaved.
• Given a height there might be several students corresponding to that
height.
• For a relation to be a function, there must be exactly onevalue that
corresponds to a given value.
Conclusion and Definition
• Not every relation is a function.
• Every function is a relation.
Definition:
Let and be two nonempty sets. A function from into is
a relation or rule that assigns a unique (single) element
to each element of .
Function
A relation such that there is no more than one output for
each input

Algebraic Can be written as finite sums, differences, multiples,


Function quotients, and radicals involving .

Examples: 2
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =3 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 10 , 𝑔 ( 𝑥) =
2 𝑥 −1
4
4𝑥

Transcendental A function that is not Algebraic.


Function Examples:
h ( 𝑥 )=sin ( 𝑥 ) , 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) =ln ( 𝑥 )
• In our example, the pairing of students and heights.
student and height

• Variable is called independent variable

• Variable is called dependent variable

• For convenience, we use instead of .

• The ordered pair in new notation becomes:


Domain and Range
• Suppose, we are given a function from into .
• Recall, for each element in there is exactly one corresponding element in .
• This element in is known as the image of .
Domain All possible input values which allows the function to
work. The is a collection of all possible values.

All possible output values which result from using the


Range function. The set of all images as varies throughout the
domain.

𝑓
𝑥 𝑦
Note: The domain and range help us to determine the window
of a graph.
Our Example
• Domain = {Ali, Usman, Hina, Alia, Salar}

• Range = {6, 5.75, 5, 6.5}


Representations of Functions
• Verbally
• Numerically, i.e. by a table
• Visually, i.e. by a graph
• Algebraically, i.e. by an explicit formula
• Once we have decided on the representation of a
function, we ask the following question:

• What are the possible values (names of students from


our example) and values (their corresponding heights)
for our function we can have?
• Recall that in example: the pairing of students and heights.
student and height

• We can have many students for our value, but what about heights?

• For our values we should not have feet or feet, since both are impossible.

• Thus, our collection of heights will be greater than and less that .
Graph Of a Function
If is a function with domain , its graph consists of the
points in the Cartesian plane whose coordinates are the
input-output pairs for . In set notation the graph is
represented as:
Interval Notation
The interval does NOT include the endpoint(s)
Interval Notation Inequality Notation Graph
Parentheses < Less than Open Dot
( ) > Greater than

The interval does include the endpoint(s)


Interval Notation Inequality Notation Graph
Square Bracket ≤ Less than Closed Dot
[ ] ≥ Greater than
• Recall, the graph of (height, student name):

Salar

Alia

Hina

Usman

Ali
Vertical-Line Test
• A set of points in the plane is the graph of a
function if and only if every vertical line
intersects the graph in at most one point.
Identifying Functions,
their Domain and
Range
Algebraic representation of a function
• Consider the following relation:

• Is this a function?
• If yes, then what is domain and range?
Visualizing domain of
Visualizing range of
• Domain Range
Example: Describe the domain and range of the following function:

Domain:
Range:
Example: Find the domain and range of
The input to a square root
function must be greater
than or equal to 0

t -32 -20 -15 5 -4 0 1 2 3 Dividing by a


negative switches
h 10 8 7 -7 4 2 1 ER ER the sign

Domain: The range is clear from the


graph and table.
Range:
Examples: Identifying Domain and Range
1.

2.
Examples: Identifying Domain and Range
1.

2.

3.

4.

You might also like