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Lecture 5-Feedback Control

The document discusses different ways that multiple subsystems can be represented by a single transfer function. It describes block diagrams which represent subsystems as blocks with inputs and outputs connected by summing junctions and pickoff points. Block diagrams can represent systems in cascade, parallel, or feedback configurations. The equivalent transfer function is found by multiplying the transfer functions of subsystems in cascade, summing for parallel subsystems, or using a feedback equation for systems with feedback. Examples are given to demonstrate reducing block diagrams to single transfer functions.

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KAILA FUNTANILLA
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10 views

Lecture 5-Feedback Control

The document discusses different ways that multiple subsystems can be represented by a single transfer function. It describes block diagrams which represent subsystems as blocks with inputs and outputs connected by summing junctions and pickoff points. Block diagrams can represent systems in cascade, parallel, or feedback configurations. The equivalent transfer function is found by multiplying the transfer functions of subsystems in cascade, summing for parallel subsystems, or using a feedback equation for systems with feedback. Examples are given to demonstrate reducing block diagrams to single transfer functions.

Uploaded by

KAILA FUNTANILLA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Reduction of multiple

subsystem
We have been working with individual subsystems
represented by a block with its input and output. Since the response
of a single transfer function can be calculated, we want to represent
multiple subsystems as a single transfer function. Multiple
subsystems are represented in two ways: as block diagrams and as
signal-flow graphs.

BLOCK DIAGRAM
As you already know, a subsystem is represented as a
block with an input, an output, and a transfer function. Many
systems are composed of multiple subsystems, when multiple
subsystems are interconnected, a few more schematic elements
must be added to the block diagram. These new elements are
summing junctions and pickoff points. All component parts of a
block diagram for a linear, time-invariant system.
Block Diagram

Figure 1.0 Components of a block diagram

All component parts of a block diagram for a linear, time-


invariant system are shown in Figure 1.0. The characteristic of the
summing junction shown in Figure 1.0(c) is that the output signal,
C(s), is the algebraic sum of the input signals, R1(s), R2(s), and R3(s).
The figure shows three inputs, but any number can be present. A
pickoff point, as shown in Figure 1.0(d), distributes the input signal,
R(s), undiminished, to several output points.
Block Diagram

Block diagrams consist of


 Blocks – these represent subsystems – typically modeled by, and
labeled with, a transfer function
 Signals – inputs and outputs of blocks – signal
direction indicated by arrows – could be voltage, velocity, force, etc.
 Summing junctions – points where signals are algebraically
summed – subtraction indicated by a negative sign near where the
signal joins the summing junction

Block diagram blocks can be connected in three


basic forms:
 Cascade
 Parallel
 Feedback
Block Diagram
CASCADE FORM
Figure 2.0(a) shows an example of cascaded subsystems.
Intermediate signal values are shown at the output of each subsystem.
Each signal is derived from the product of the input times the transfer
function.

Figure 2.0 a. cascaded system; b. equivalent transfer function

The equivalent transfer function, Ge(s), shown in Figure 2.0(b), is the


output Laplace transform divided by the input Laplace transform
from Figure 2.0(a), or
Block Diagram
PARALLEL FORM
Figure 3.0 shows an example of parallel subsystems. Again,
by writing the output of each subsystem, we can find the equivalent
transfer function. Parallel subsystems have a common input and an
output formed by the algebraic sum of the outputs from all of the
subsystems. The equivalent transfer function, Ge(s), is the output
transform divided by the input transform from Figure 3.0(a), or
Block Diagram
PARALLEL FORM
which is the algebraic sum of the subsystems’ transfer
functions; it appears in Figure 3.0(b).

Figure 3.0 a. Parallel subsystems; b. equivalent transfer function


Block Diagram
FEEDBACK FORM
The feedback system forms the basis for our study of
control systems engineering. In previous topic, we defined open-loop
and closed-loop systems and pointed out the advantage of closed-
loop, or feedback control, systems over open loop systems. As we
move ahead, we will focus on the analysis and design of feedback
systems.

Let us derive the transfer function that represents the system


from its input to its output. The typical feedback system, described
before, is shown in Figure 4.0(a); a simplified model is shown in
Figure 4.0(b). Directing our attention to the simplified model,
Block Diagram
FEEDBACK FORM
Block Diagram
FEEDBACK FORM

The transfer function equivalent is,


Block Diagram
Example 1
Reduce the block diagram shown in Figure below to a
single transfer function.
Block Diagram
Answer:
Collapse Summing Junction
Block Diagram
Answer:
form equivalent cascaded system in the forward path and
equivalent parallel system in the feedback path

Finally, form equivalent feedback system and multiply by


cascaded G1(s)

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