Heat Transfer

Chapter -2
Conduction (3)
Navin Kumar Jha
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering,
Pulchowk Campus
General Differential Equation in cylindrical coordinates

Figure Courtesy: Heat and Mass Transfer RK Rajput

Heat Transfer 2
• Total time rate heat inflow into the differential element
from all coordinate direction (A) = Heat inflow from
radial direction, + Heat inflow from tangential
direction, + Heat inflow from axial direction,
• Total time rate heat outflow from all coordinate
direction (B) =Heat outflow from radial direction, +
Heat outflow from tangential direction, + Heat
outflow from axial direction,
• Let qg be the heat generation in the differential
element per unit time then total heat generation per unit
time (C) = qg X Volume of the differential element (dr.
dz. rdØ)
• So, net heat accumulation per unit time
(dQ) = A-B+C….1 Heat Transfer 3
Now, according to Fourier’s law of heat conduction,

Similarly,

and

Substituting these values in equation (1), we have

dQ = -

Heat Transfer 4
dQ =

Here, this stored energy (dQ) =

Heat Transfer 5
 Special Cases
• No heat source
• Steady state
• One dimensional
• Derive general differential equation of heat
conduction in spherical coordinates
(Assignment to Class)
• To be submitted by next week

Heat Transfer 6
Conduction through Cylinder

Heat Transfer 7
 Composite Wall
• In practice we often encounter plane walls that consist of several
layers of different materials.
• The thermal resistance concept can be useful tool to determine the
rate of steady heat transfer through such composite walls.
• This is done by simply noting that the conduction resistance of each
wall is L/kA connected in series, and using the electrical analogy.
• That is, by dividing the temperature difference between two surfaces
at known temperatures by the total thermal resistance between
them.

Heat Transfer 8
 Composite Wall
• Consider a plane wall that consists of two layers (such as a brick
wall with a layer of insulation). The rate of steady heat transfer
through this two-layer composite wall can be expressed as shown in
figure below

Heat Transfer 9
Multilayered Cylinders and Spheres

Heat Transfer 10
Heat Transfer 11
GENERALIZED THERMAL RESISTANCE
NETWORKS

Heat Transfer 12
 CRITICAL THICKNESS OF INSULATION

• Let us consider a layer of insulation which might be installed around

• From the thermal network the heat transfer is

Heat Transfer 13
 CRITICAL THICKNESS OF INSULATION
• Now let us manipulate this expression to determine the outer radius of
insulation ro, which will maximize the heat transfer. The maximization
condition is

If the outer radius is less than the value given by this equation, then the heat
transfer will be increased by adding more insulation. For outer radii greater than
the critical value an increase in insulation thickness will cause a decrease in heat
transfer.
Heat Transfer 14
 Some Numerical Excersises
• Consider a 0.8-m-high and 1.5-m-wide double-pane window
consisting of two 4-mm-thick layers of glass (k = 0.78 W/m ·°C)
separated by a 10-mm-wide stagnant air space (k= 0.026 W/m ·
°C). Determine the steady rate of heat transfer through this double-
pane window and the temperature of its inner surface for a day
during which the room is maintained at 20°C while the temperature
of the outdoors is 10°C. Take the convection heat transfer
coefficients on the inner and outer surfaces of the window to be h1 =
10 W/m2 · °C and h2 = 40 W/m2 · °C, which includes the effects of
radiation

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Heat Transfer 16
 Some Numerical Excersises
• A 3-m-high X and 5-m-wide wall consists of long 16-cm X 22-cm
cross section horizontal bricks (k = 0.72 W/m · °C) separated by 3-
cm-thick plaster layers (k = 0.22 W/m · °C). There are also 2-cm-
thick plaster layers on each side of the brick and a 3-cm-thick rigid
foam (k = 0.026 W/m · °C) on the inner side of the wall, as shown in
Fig. 3–21. The indoor and the outdoor temperatures are 20°C and
10°C, and the convection heat transfer coefficients on the inner and
the outer sides are h1 = 10 W/m2 · °C and h2 = 25 W/m2 · °C,
respectively. Assuming one-dimensional heat transfer and
disregarding radiation, determine the rate of heat transfer through
the wall.

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Heat Transfer 18
 Heat Loss through an Insulated Steam Pipe
• Steam at temperature 320°C flows in a cast iron pipe (k= 80 W/m ·
°C) whose inner and outer diameters are D1 = 5 cm and D2 = 5.5
cm, respectively. The pipe is covered with 3-cm-thick glass wool
insulation with k = 0.05 W/m · °C. Heat is lost to the surroundings at
temperature 5°C by natural convection and radiation, with a
combined heat transfer coefficient of h2 =18 W/m2 · °C. Taking the
heat transfer coefficient inside the pipe to be h1 = 60 W/m2 · °C,
determine the rate of heat loss from the steam per unit length of the
pipe. Also determine the temperature drops across the pipe shell
and the insulation.

Heat Transfer 19