Lecture1 Mobile Radio Introduction SCC 2021
Lecture1 Mobile Radio Introduction SCC 2021
INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
References:
• Bernhard (Chapter 1, 4, 6-14)
• Rappaport (Chapter 1)
• Prasad (Chapter 1)
• Kaaranen (Chapter 1)
INTRODUCTION
Wireless communication is the transfer of
information (voice or data) using electromagnetic
waves over a distance through wireless medium or
channel.
.
Wireless Communication
Advantages
– Cost independent of terrain and distance
– Suitable for incremental capacity enhancement, i.e.
flexible planning
– Reduced maintenance effort, i.e. better reliability
– Ease of installation and maintenance, i.e. suitability for
temporary or emergency services
– Dynamic use of medium, i.e. trunking capability
– Mobility
– Suitable for multiple operators, i.e. service liberalization
Wireless Communication
Limitations
– Capacity limited by frequency allocation, i.e. cellular
design is expensive
– Margin has to be provided for multipath propagation
effect and interferences, i.e. expensive for normal
urban application
– Power source required at terminal end
– Generally very low transmission rates for higher
numbers of users
Wavelength of Some Technologies
Electromagnetic waves
Travel at speed of light (c = 3x10 8 m/s)
Has a frequency (f) and wavelength (l)
c=fxl
Higher frequency means higher energy photons
GSM Phones:
frequency ~= 900 MHz
wavelength ~= 33cm
PCS Phones
frequency ~= 1.8 GHz
wavelength ~= 16.7 cm
Bluetooth:
frequency ~= 2.4 GHz
wavelength ~= 12.5 cm
Electromagnetic Spectrum
The frequency spectrum is a scarce resource and
must be managed efficiently.
104 102 100 10-2 10-4 10-6 10-8 10-10 10-12 10-14 10-16
104 106 108 1010 1012 1014 1016 1018 1020 1022 1024
1MHz ==100m
100MHz ==1m
10GHz ==1cm
Visible light < 30 KHz VLF
30-300KHz LF
300KHz – 3MHz MF
3 MHz – 30MHz HF
30MHz – 300MHz VHF
300 MHz – 3GHz UHF
3-30GHz SHF
> 30 GHz EHF
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Frequency Bands
Vehicles
High speeds
Large roaming area
Usually uses low-bandwidth/high-latency access
Uses sophisticated terminal equipment (cell
phones)
Type of Wireless communication
Mobile
Cellular phone GSM/CDMA2000/1x
Portable
IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.15.3 (UWB)
Fixed
IEEE 802.16 (Wireless MAN or WiMAX)
Wireless vs Mobile:
Wireless does not necessarily mean mobile, but
Mobile means wireless
Transmission Mode
Simplex transmission
– Only one way communication
– Paging Systems.
Half duplex transmission
– Two ways communication, but one at a time; not
simultaneously.
– “Push-to-talk” and ‘release-to-listen” are fundamental
features.
Full duplex transmission
– Two-way simultaneous in both directions
– By providing two simultaneous but separate channels
(FDD) or
– different time slots on a single radio channels (TDD).
Frequency Carries/Channels
The information from sender to receiver is carried
over a well defined frequency band.
This is called a channel
Channel 1 (b - b+30)
Station A Channel 2 (b+30 - b+60) Station B
Channel 3 (b+60 - b+90)
Duplexing Techniques
Duplexing
Reverse Forward
Channel Channel
fc,R fc,,F frequency
Frequency separation
Frequency separation should be carefully decided
Frequency separation is constant
Duplexing - TDD
A single radio channel (carrier
frequency) is shared in time in a BS MS
deterministic manner.
The time is slotted with fixed slot length Base Mobile
(sec) Station Station
Some slots are used for forward channel
(traffic from base station to mobile)
Some slots are used for reverse channel
(traffic from mobile to base station)
Slot number 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 …
channel F R F R F R F R ….
Reverse Forward
Channel Channel
Ti Ti+1 time
Time separation
Duplexing – TDD versus FDD
FDD
FDD allocate individual radio frequencies for uplink and downlink.
For example analog systems: AMPS
More suitable for wide-area cellular networks: all 2G cellular systems GSM,
AMPS all use FDD
At MS, requires good frequency separation filters – duplexer
At BS, separate Tx & Rx are used to accommodate the two separate channels
To facilitate FDD, it is necessary to separate the transmit and receive
frequency by about 5% of the nominal RF frequency,
So that the duplexer provide sufficient isolation while being inexpensively
manufactured.
TDD
– Can only be used in digital wireless systems (digital modulation).
– Requires rigid timing and synchronization
– Propagation delay limits cell size
Mostly used in short-range and fixed wireless systems so that
propagation delay between base station and mobile do not change much
with respect to location of the mobile.
Such as cordless phones and wireless LANs …
– very efficient for asymmetric traffic, e.g. internet download
Example - Frequency Spectrum
Allocation in U.S. Cellular Radio Service
Reverse Channel Forward Channel
code
f
t
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
FDMA,
– used in 1G systems (AMPS, CT-2, DECT),
– wastes spectrum
BT Bguard
no _ of _ ch
Bc
Bc
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
The transmission rate is 22.8 kbps, or 114 bits for time slots. Adding the overhead bits
such as tail bits (6), training bits (26), flag bits (2), and guard time bits (8), the total bits
of a traffic channel is 156 bits in one time slot of 0.577 ms
TDMA and FDMA
Combination of both methods
– A certain frequency band for a given amount of time is allocated
per channel
– Example: GSM
Advantages:
– Improved protection against tapping
and frequency selective interference k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6
– Higher data rates compared to code
multiplex code
Disadvantages: f
– Requires precise
coordination
t
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
technology
CDMA Classification
CDMA Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
CDMA Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum(FHSS)
Carrier frequency changes periodically, after T sec
Hopping pattern determined by spread code
Frequency
Direct sequence
Frequency hopping
Time
CDMA – FHSS
CDMA- DSSS
OFDMA
SC-FDMA
Wireless Systems Classification
Walkie-Talkie/Radio phone
Cordless Telephones
Cellular Telephony (High-tier)
Wide Area Wireless Data Systems (High-tier)
High Speed Local and Personal Area Networks
Paging Messaging Systems
Satellite Based Mobile Systems
3G Systems & beyond.
WALKIE TALKIE
38
Cellular Telephony - Architecture
Radio tower
PST N
T elephone
N etwork
Mobile Switching
Center
39
GSM Network Architecture - Overview
OMC, EIR,
AUC
HLR
GMSC
fixed network
BSC
BSC
RSS
GSM: Elements and Interfaces
radio cell
MS MS BSS
Um radio cell
BTS MS
RSS
BTS
Abis
BSC BSC
A
MSC MSC
MS MS
ISDN
PSTN
Um MSC
Abis
BTS
BSC EIR
BTS
SS7
HLR
BTS VLR
BSC ISDN
BTS A MSC PSTN
BSS IWF
PSPDN
CSPDN
GSM: System Architecture: Radio
Subsystem (RSS)
radio network and switching
subsystem subsystem Components
– MS (Mobile Station)
MS MS – BSS (Base Station Subsystem):
consisting of
• BTS (Base Transceiver Station):
Um
sender and receiver
Abis • BSC (Base Station Controller):
BTS
controlling several transceivers
BSC MSC
BTS
Interfaces
– Um : radio interface
– Abis : standardized, open interface
with 16 kbit/s user channels
A – A: standardized, open interface
BTS with
BSC MSC
BTS
64 kbit/s user channels
BSS
GSM: Radio Subsystem (RSS)
HLR
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital
Network)
VLR PSTN (Public Switched Telephone
ISDN Network)
MSC
IWF
PSTN PSPDN (Packet Switched Public Data
Net.)
PSPDN
CSPDN CSPDN (Circuit Switched Public
Data Net.)
Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS)
Control Channel
– Radio channel used for transmission of call setup, call
request, call initiation and other beacon and control
purposes.
– FCC, RCC.
Forward Channel
– Radio channel used for transmission of information from BS
to MS.
Reverse Channel
– Radio channel used for transmission of information from MS
to BS
Wireless System Definitions
Handoff
– The process of transferring a mobile station from one
channel or base station to another.
Roamer
– A mobile station which operates in a service area (market)
other than that from which service has been subscribed.
Page
– A brief message which is broadcast over the entire service
area, usually in simulcast fashion by many base stations at
the same time.
Figure 1.6 Timing diagram illustrating how a call to a mobile user initiated by a landline
subscriber is established.
Mobile Terminated Call
• 1: calling a GSM subscriber
• 2: forwarding call to GMSC
4
• 3: signal call setup to HLR HLR
5
VLR
• 7: forward call to 10 10 13 10
• current MSC 16
• 8, 9: get current status of MS BSS BSS BSS
11 11 11
• 10, 11: paging of MS
• 12, 13: MS answers 11 12
17
• 14, 15: security checks
MS
• 16, 17: set up connection
4.53
Figure 1.7 Timing diagram illustrating how a call initiated by a mobile is established.
Mobile Originated Call
• 1, 2: connection request
• 3, 4: security check
• 5-8: check resources (free circuit)
• 9-10: set up call VLR
3 4
6 5
PSTN GMSC MSC
7 8
2 9
1
MS BSS
10
4.55
Thank You
Major Mobile Radio Standards - USA
Base stations
– Supports several Tx/Rx antennas
– Serves as a bridge between all users in the cell.
– Connects the simultaneous mobile calls via wired lines or microwave links to
MSC
– ~1 million dollar
Mobile switching centers (MSC)
coordinates the activities of all of the base stations.
connects the entire cellular system to the PSTN.
– A typical MSC handles 100,000 cellular subscribers and 5,000
simultaneous conversations at a time,
Accommodates all billing and system maintenance functions, as well.
– In large cities, several MSCs are used by a single carrier
Wireless System Definitions
Mobile Station (MS)
– A station in the cellular radio service intended for use while in
motion at unspecified locations.
– contains a transceiver, an antenna, and control circuitry.
– They can be either hand-held personal units (portables) or
installed on vehicles (mobiles)