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Week 5-DFD

This document provides an overview of structuring system process requirements using data flow diagrams (DFDs). It discusses drawing DFDs according to specific rules and guidelines to create accurate process models. DFDs can be decomposed into lower-level diagrams to show more detail, while maintaining balance between higher and lower-level diagrams. The document defines DFD elements like processes, data flows, data stores, and external entities. It also covers reading DFDs and creating a DFD hierarchy with multiple levels.

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32 views35 pages

Week 5-DFD

This document provides an overview of structuring system process requirements using data flow diagrams (DFDs). It discusses drawing DFDs according to specific rules and guidelines to create accurate process models. DFDs can be decomposed into lower-level diagrams to show more detail, while maintaining balance between higher and lower-level diagrams. The document defines DFD elements like processes, data flows, data stores, and external entities. It also covers reading DFDs and creating a DFD hierarchy with multiple levels.

Uploaded by

r4biatuladawiah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 5: Structuring

System Process Requirements


Learning Objectives
Understand the logical modeling of processes by
studying examples of Data Flow Diagrams (DFDs)
Draw DFDs following specific rules and guidelines
that lead to accurate and well-structured process
models
Decompose data flow diagrams into lower-level
diagrams
Balance higher-level and lower-level data flow
diagrams
Use DFDs as a tool to support the analysis of
information systems
Process Modeling

Systems development life cycle with the


analysis phase highlighted
Comparison of Gane &
Sarson and Yourdon &
Coad DFD symbol sets
DFD Hierarchy

Context Diagram
decomposes into
Level 0 diagram

5
DFD Elements
Process
o An activity or function performed for a
specific business reason
o Can be manual or computerized
o Includes the following:
• A number
• A name (verb phrase)
• A description
• At least one output data flow
• At least one input data flow

6
DFD Process, con’t.
o Logical process models omit/except any
Elements processes that simply move or route data and
leave the data unchanged
(cont.) o You do include logical processes that:
• Perform computations (e.g., calculate grade point average)
• Make decisions (e.g., determine availability of ordered
products)
• Sort, filter or otherwise summarize data (e.g., identify
overdue invoices)
• Organize data into useful information (e.g., generate a report
or answer a question)
• Trigger other processes (e.g., turn on the furnace or instruct a
robot)
• Use stored data (create, read, update or delete a record)

7
DFD Elements (cont.)
Data flow
o A single piece of data or a logical collection of
data
o Data flow names describe the content of the
data flow but not how it is implemented
o Always starts or ends at a process
o Includes the following:
• A name (noun)
• Description
• One or more connections to a process
8
DFD Elements (cont.)
Data flow, con’t.
o A data flow is data in motion (data in
transit).
• an input of data to a process, or the output of data
(or information) from a process.
• the creation, deletion, or update of data in a file or
database (called a data store on the DFD).
• A data flow is depicted as a solid-line with arrow.

9
DFD Elements (cont.)
Data Store
o Most information systems capture data for
later use
o A data store is a collection of data that is
stored in some way
o Include the following:
• A number
• A name (noun)
• Description
• One or more input data flows (somewhere in process
model)
• One or more output data flows (somewhere in
process model) 10
DFD Elements (cont.)
Data Store, con’t.
o If data flows are data in motion, think of
data stores as data at rest
o Data stores should describe “things”
about which the business wants to store
data
o Data flows leaving the data store are data
retrievals
o Data flows entering the data store are
updates or new data added
11
DFD Elements (cont.)
External entity
o A person, organization, or system that is
external to the system
o Has interactions with the system (adds data
to system or receives data from system)
o Include the following:
• A name (noun)
• Description

12
Reading
a Data
Flow
Diagra
m

13
EXERCISE 1
Identify the errors from the given diagram.

How many error(s) did you can find?


Identify the errors from the given
diagram.

How many error(s) did you can


find?
Can we
retrieve
Context
Diagram
from this
DFD
Level 0?
Depicting Business Processes with DFDs
Business processes are too complex to be shown on a single
DFD

A deliberate hierarchy is created with multiple “levels” of


DFDs

To build the hierarchy, use Decomposition


o Child diagrams show a portion of the parent diagram in greater
detail
DFD
Hierarchy
 Processes on Level 0
diagram each decompose
into separate Level 1
diagrams
 Processes on Level 1
diagrams may or may not
be decomposed into
separate Level 2 diagrams
 Processes are decomposed
until each process is a
single-purpose, primitive
process

18
Balancing & Consistency
Ensures that information presented at one level of a DFD is accurately
represented in the next level DFD

Data flows on parent diagram are carried down to child diagram

Child diagram adds new processes and new data flows

The usage name of data flow MUST be consistence in every level of


decomposition.
19
Level 0 Diagram
Shows all the major processes that
comprise the overall system – the
internal components of process 0
Shows how the major processes are
interrelated by data flows
Shows external entities and the
major processes with which they
interact
Adds stored data via the data stores
20
Level 1 Diagram
Create one level 1 diagram for every major
process on the level 0 diagram
Shows the internal processes that comprise a
single process on the level 0 diagram
Shows how information moves to and from
each of these processes
If a parent process is decomposed into, say,
three-child processes, the these three-child
processes wholly and completely make up the
parent process
Level 2 Diagram
Shows all processes that comprise a single
process on the level 1 diagram
Shows how information moves to and
from each of these processes
Level 2 diagrams may not be needed for
all level 1 processes
Correctly numbering each process helps
the user understand where the process fits
into the overall system
1.3.1
l B
Proses
XY
Diagram Numbering
Correctly numbering each process helps the user
understand where the process fits into the overall
hierarchy
o Context Diagram is always “Process 0”
o Level 0 processes are always numbered with integer value (1, 2,
3, etc.)
o Level 1 processes always have one “dot”: parent number “dot”
unique number (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, etc.)
o Level 2 processes always have two “dots”: parent number “dot”
unique number (1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.1.3, etc.)
Identify
mistake
Balance &
Consistence
Exercise 2:

Extract the Context Diagram


from the given Level-0 DFD
Exercise 3:
Case Study: Online Bookstore

Background: XYZ Books is an online bookstore that allows customers to browse, search
for, and purchase books. The system is responsible for managing customer orders,
inventory, and payments. XYZ Books interacts with various external entities and
systems.

Based on the given scenario, develop:


1. Context Diagram
2. DFD Level -0
3. Decompose the level into significant level
THANK YOU

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