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Mathematics, Statistics and Computing 4 (Probability)

This document discusses probability and provides examples of calculating probabilities of events. It defines key probability concepts like nonnegativity, additivity, normalization, and computing compound probabilities using unions, intersections, complements and applying probability laws. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating sample spaces, individual event probabilities, and compound probabilities.

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25 views11 pages

Mathematics, Statistics and Computing 4 (Probability)

This document discusses probability and provides examples of calculating probabilities of events. It defines key probability concepts like nonnegativity, additivity, normalization, and computing compound probabilities using unions, intersections, complements and applying probability laws. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating sample spaces, individual event probabilities, and compound probabilities.

Uploaded by

szs11111111szs
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Mathematics, Statistics and

Computing
Lecture 4
By
Dr. Manal Shehab
Probability
Nonnegativity: 0< P(A) ≤ 1, for every event A.

Additivity: If A and B are two disjoint events, then the probability of their
union satisfies P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B). This extends to the union of
infinitely many disjoint events:
P(A1 ∪ A2 ∪ . . .) = P(A1) + P(A2) + . . .

Normalization: The probability of the entire sample space S is equal to 1,


i.e. P(S) = 1
P() = 0
Probability
If S is the sample space that represents the universal set, and A ⊆ S,
then:

• P(A) = =

Example:
S={3,6,4,8,5,10,7}, A= {3,6,10}
Then
P(A) = =
Computing Compound (or Multiple)
Probability
• Union
(A or B)  A B = B A

• Disjoint events (mutually exclusive): S


A B
If A and B are disjoint then
P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B).

• Inclusion-exclusion principle: For any A and B: S


A B
P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A B)
Computing Compound (or Multiple)
Probability
• Intersection: S
(A and B)  A B = B A A B
P(A B ) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A B )

If we have two events A and B, then the probability of occurring A and


B means P(A B)

• If A and B are mutually exclusive then S


A B
A B=
P(A B) = 0
Example
If we toss a coin 3 times; find sample space, P(A), P(B), P(A B ) and P(A ∪ B)
where:
H
A = { XYZ: Z=H} H
T
H
B = { XYZ: at most one T} T
H
T
Solution H
H
S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT}  N(S)=8 T
T
H
A = {HHH, HTH, THH, TTH}  N(A)=4 T
T
B = {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH}  N(B)=4
P(A) = P(B) =
A B = {HHH, HTH, THH}  P(A B) =
P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A B) = + - =
Complement Event
Complement of an event A S

A A’
• P(A’) = P(S) – P(A) = 1 – P(A)

• P(A A’) = P(A) + P(A’) = P(S) = 1

• P(A A’) = P() = 0


Complement Event……
S
• P(A B’) = 1 – P(B) + P(A B) A B

S
A B
• P(A B’) = P(A) – P(A B)
= P(A –B) Occurrence of A only and
Not in B

Non Occurrence of A and S


• P(A’ B’) = P(A B)’ = 1 - P(A B) Non Occurrence of B A B

Non Occurrence of A or S
• P(A’B’) = P(A B)’ = 1 - P(A B) Non Occurrence of B A B
Probability Laws
If A ⊆ B
Then
A B = A  P(A B) = P(A)
A B
and
A B = B  P(A B) = P(B)
Example
Let a coin and a die be tossed; find P(A), P(B), P(C), P(A’), P(B’), P(A B), P(B C), P(A C), P(B-C),
P(A-C), P(A B’) if
A= {(X, Y): X=H, Y is an even number}, B= {(X, Y): Y is an odd number},
C= {(X, Y): Y<3}
Solution
S= {T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6}  N(S) = 12
A= {H2, H4, H6}  N(A) = 3  P(A) = 3/12
B= {T1, T3, T5, H1, H3, H5}  N(B) = 6  P(B) = 6/12
C= {T1, T2, H1, H2}  N(C) = 4  P(C) = 4/12
P(A’) = 1 - P(A)  1 – 3/12
A B=  P(A B) = 0
B C = {T1, H1}  P (B C) = 2/12
P(B-C) = P(B) - P (B C) = 6/12 – 2/12 = 4/12
P(A B’) = P(A) - P (A B) = 3/12 – 0 = 3/12
Thanks

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