FPFFpart2 On Line

Fire Prevention and Fire
Fighting (2-Day Course)
Theory Component
(DAY 2)
FP&FF Short Course _ SMA-2004_ Ver

3 1
Official (Closed), Non-Sensitive
Course Syllabus
 Fire triangle and properties of burning
materials
 Fire prevention principles
 Spread of fire / Safe practices
 Need for vigilance / Patrol system
 Fire hazards
 General Emergency Alarm
 Fire Control Plans and muster list
 Communications

3 2
Course
 Personal safety procedures
 Periodic shipboard drills
 Ship construction arrangements
 Portable fire extinguishers
 Emergency escape routes
 Fire and smoke detection systems
 Breathing apparatus

3 3
Today’s topic
 Going to cover the following main
areas:-
 Portable and fixed fire fighting appliances
 Fire Detectors

3 4
Extinguishing Media
 There are various types of extinguishing
agents. They are, namely
 Water
 Foam
 Carbon Dioxide
 Dry Powder
 Halon

3 5
Extinguishing agent Water

 Water extinguishes a fire by cooling.
 It brings the temperature of burning

material below the Ignition Point.
 There will be insufficient vapour to sustain a
continuous fire.
 Fire will stop burning.

3 6
Extinguishing Agent Water

 When water comes in contact with the fire, it
evaporates, it takes the heat from the fire
 Water has a high latent heat of evaporation.

It takes a lot of heat to convert water to
steam.
 When water turns to steam, the fire cools and

less vapour is emitted.
 It reached a point where there is so little vapour left that the fire is
extinguished.

3 7
Water as Extinguishing Agent

 Water extinguishes a fire by cooling.

3 8
Extinguishing Agent Water

 What is the greatest disadvantage of
water?
 It conducts electricity
 Fire fighters can get electrocuted
 Water is easily available at sea, too much

water onboard will affect the ship’s
stability.

3 9
Extinguishing Agent Foam

 Foam composed of thousands of tiny
bubbles:-
 The bubbles are made of water with a

stabilizer.
 Stabilizer strengthened the ‘skin’ of the

bubble so that it does not burst easily.

3 10

 Inside the foam bubble is either: -
 Air or Carbon dioxide (dependent upon method of
production).
 Thousands of these bubbles will form a ‘blanket’

and covers the liquid, effectively preventing any
air from getting to the burning fuel.
 When air is prevented from getting to the fire, fire

will be extinguished. Foam extinguishes a fire by
‘smothering’.
3 11

 Foam extinguishes a fire mainly by
‘smothering’.
 Since foam is composed mainly of
water, there is also cooling involved.

3 12

 What is the disadvantage of foam?
 Since it is mainly composed of water, it

can conduct electricity.
 The stabilizer is a protein that can break

down with time. If the stabiliser fails, the
foam-making quality also fails.

3 13
Extinguishing Agent CO2

 Carbon dioxide is a gas that does not
support combustion.
 It is a heavy gas, about 1.5 times heavier than

air. When poured into a cup, the cup will be
filled with CO2. It displaces the air by its
difference in density.
 The CO2 forms an invisible blanket around the

fire, but in a gaseous form.
3 14

 CO2 therefore, extinguishes a fire by
smothering or diluting the amount of
oxygen to such an extent it cannot
sustain a fire.

3 15

 What are the disadvantages of CO2?
 It only displaces the air around the fire, it does
not cool or bring the burning temperature of the
material below its ignition point.
 In other words, the fire will be extinguished but,

the burning material will still be red hot. There is
a possibility of re-flash should it has access to
oxygen or air.

3 16

 CO2 is a heavy gas, like water, it will flow

all over the place if not contained.
 It is therefore less effective in open &

high space area.

3 17

 CO2 also does not support life.
 In a confined space, using CO2 can also

endanger fire fighters.

3 18
Dry Powder as Extinguishing

Agent
 Very different method of extinguishing a
fire.
 We have discussed
the following methods
sm
ur
of extinguishments
oth
Ox
po
erin
l va
yge
 Cooling
g
Fue
n
 Smothering Heat
cooling

3 19

Agent
 We know from Chapter 1 that the
continuous burning feature of a fire is a
result of a ‘chain reaction’.
l
Heat Fueygen
Ox
Chain Reaction
 Dry powder extinguishes a fire by ‘breaking
the chain reaction’.
break
3 20

Agent
 Dry powder extinguishes a fire by
breaking the chain reaction

3 21

Agent
 What is the disadvantages of Dry
Powder?
 Like CO2, it has minimal cooling effect on
a fire, i.e. the material will still be red hot
even though the fire has been put out.
 There is a possibility of re-flash should air

or oxygen be available.
3 22
Halon as an extinguishing
agent
 Halon is a gas that also extinguish a fire
by breaking its chain reaction.
 However, it is not environmentally

friendly and we have stopped using it.

3 23
Extinguishing media and their

methods of extinguishments
Media Methods of
Extinguishment
Water Cooling
Foam Smothering & Cooling
Carbon Dioxide Smothering
Dry Powder Breaking the chain reaction
Halon Breaking the chain reaction
3 24
Extinguishing media and their

disadvantages
Media Disadvantages
Water Electrocution
Foam Electrocution
Carbon Dioxide Re-flash, life threatening
Dry Powder Re-flash
Halon Re-flash

3 25
Summary of Extinguishing Agents

 You have learned about the various
extinguishing agents
 Water
 Foam
 Carbon Dioxide
 Dry Powder
 Halon
 We will now learn about extinguishing
equipment.
3 26
Extinguishing Equipment
 There are two types of extinguishing
equipment. They are
 Portable extinguishing equipment
 Fixed extinguishing equipment

3 27
Portable Extinguishers
 Portable extinguishers are extremely
important equipment onboard ships:
 It’s the first line of defence.

 With a portable extinguisher at hand, you
can prevent a small fire from going out of
control.

3 28
 Types of portable extinguishers are
 Water Extinguisher
 Foam Extinguisher
 Carbon Dioxide Extinguisher
 Dry Powder Extinguisher
 Halon Extinguisher

3 29
Water Extinguisher
 You generally encounter the following
types of water extinguishers:
 Water-acid type
 Gas cartridge type
 Pressurised gas type

3 30
Water Acid Extinguisher

 Acid and Alkaline Solution
 They are separate until it is

mixed together by turning
the extinguisher upside down
 CO2 is given off
 The CO2 pushes the liquid out

of the container
3 31
Water Acid Extinguisher

 Application of the extinguisher
1 2 3

3 32
Gas Cartridge Type Water Ext.

 The cartridge contains
pressurised CO2
 Once punctured, the
pressurised CO2 will
push the liquid out of
the container
 What happens if you do not

turn the extinguisher upside
down during operation?

3 33
Gas Cartridge Type Water Ext.

 Do you need to turn the
extinguisher upside down
to operate this
extinguisher?
 Always be familiar with

extinguisher operations.
Do not wait till the last
moment.
3 34
Pressurised Gas Type Water

Ext.
 The water extinguisher is
pressurised on the top by
CO2 or Nitrogen gas
 The gas will push the

water out of the container
upon activation
 Can you put compressed

air into the cylinder?

3 35
Summary of water
extinguishers
 Summary of the different types of water
extinguishers are:
 Water-acid type
 Gas cartridge type
 Pressurised gas type

3 36
Characteristics of Water Ext.

 Characteristics of portable water
extinguishers are as follows
Capacity 9 Litres
Colour Red
Throw distance About 9 metres
Duration Between 1 – 1.5 mins
Most Suitable For Class A fires
3 37
Foam Extinguisher
 The gas cartridge will
drive the foam solution
out of the container
 At the nozzle, the

solution will mix
with air to form
foam

3 38
Application of Foam
 Always direct
your foam
against a wall
and let the foam
flows back.

3 39
Application of Foam

3 40
Application of Foam

3 41
Characteristics of Foam Ext.

Capacity 9 Litres
Colour Cream
Duration About 1 minute
Most Suitable For Oil fires

3 42
CO2 Extinguisher
 Pressurised CO2
will be released on
discharge
 High discharge
pressure
 Do not hold nozzle

- frost bite

3 43
Application of CO2 Ext

 Because of the
high discharge
pressure
 Direct the
nozzle in a
waving motion

3 44

 What happens if you direct the CO2
nozzle straight at the fire
 Because of the high discharge pressure,

the CO2 may blow the light combustible
materials away, spreading the fire instead
of extinguishing it.

3 45

 What happens if you hold the CO2 by the
horn instead of the handle provided?
 As the CO2 comes out of the nozzle at high
pressure, it freezes the air immediately around
it.
The nozzle becomes cold and gradually ice up.
 If you hold the nozzle by the horn, you can get

frost bite.

3 46
Characteristics of CO2 Ext
Capacity 9 Litres
Colour Black
Duration About 30 seconds
Most Suitable For Electrical fires

3 47
Dry Powder Extinguisher

 Combats fire by breaking
the chain reaction
 Has very little or

no cooling effect
 CO2 pressurised gas

cartridge

3 48
Dry Powder Extinguisher

 Pressure in the
container can be
determined by
pressure gauge

3 49
Characteristics of Dry Powder Ext
Capacity 9 Litres
Colour Blue
Duration About 15 - 30
seconds
Most Suitable For All Classes of fires

3 50
Halon Extinguisher
 Halon, like dry powder,
extinguishes the fire by
breaking its chain
reaction.
 Stored as a pressurised
liquid, it becomes gas
when it comes out of
the cylinder.
3 51
Halon Extinguishers
 Halon affects the ozone
layer. Scientists have
claimed that it causes the
hole at south pole to increase.
 This allow more harmful

sunlight rays to come to
earth, causing global
warming and skin cancers.
 Halon is now banned.

3 52
Summary of the Portable Ext

 You have therefore learned about following
and their characteristics
 Water Extinguisher
 Foam Extinguisher
 Carbon Dioxide Extinguisher
 Dry Powder Extinguisher
 Halon Extinguisher

3 53
 Remember:
 You are first line of defence against any
initial outbreak of a fire
 Failing to understand your extinguisher

may result in
 Unable to combat the fire effectively
 Endanger yourself and
 Allow the fire to grow out of control

3 54
Colour Codes
Water Foam Powder Halon CO2

3 55
General Operation Methods

 Always be familiar with operations but for most part,
its pulling away the locking pin and press handle to
activate extinguisher.
1 2
3
3 56
General Characteristics
Water Foam Powder CO2
Colour Red Cream Blue Black
Combat Cooling Smothering Breaking chain smothering
Fire by reaction
Throw 9m 7–9m 3m 3m
Duration Abt 90 Abt 60 secs 15 – 30 secs 30 secs
secs
Most Wood Oil All Classes Electrical
suitable (Class A) (Class B) (A, B & C) (Class C)
for
3 57
Other Portable Methods

 Wool is a non-combustible material, for
this reason, it is sometimes used in fire
blankets to smother the fire.

3 58
Other extinguishing method

 Sand
 Sand has once been used as an extinguishing
media but they are not very popular.
 It can be very useful for very small oil fires. For

this reason, you may find them near to boiler
spaces

3 59
Discussion
 What class of fire would you most likely
to encounter in your living room?
 Which type of portable extinguisher

would you use to extinguish the fire?
State the reasons for your answer.

3 60
Fixed Extinguishing Equipment

 There are generally two types onboard:
 Firemains
 And one or more of the following

 CO2
 Foam
 Sprinkler

3 61
Firemains
 Basically these are fire hydrants. They
are found on all ships. There are 2
types.
 Single Firemain System
 Looped Firemain System

3 62
Single Firemain System

 Basically,
 It draws sea water from engine room
 Sea water is pumped through a main pipe.
 There are branches from Fire hydrants
main pipe at each level
 Fire hydrants are added
on these branches
Fire pump

3 63

Points to note
• The single fire main line

• The main and emergency fire pumps
Fire hydrants
• The isolating valve
• Ship shore connection
Isolating valve
Main Fire Emergency Fire

Pump Pump

3 64
Emergency
fire pump

3 65

 The fire mains
 Just one pipe running forward and aft of
the ship

3 66

 Main fire pump and emergency fire
pumps are kept in separate Class A
division bulkheads.
 Why is this important?
Main Fire Pump Emergency Fire Pump

3 67

 Reason why main and emergency fire
pumps are kept separate
 Should a fire break out in the
engine room, both pumps will
not be destroyed together.
Main Fire Pump Emergency Fire Pump

3 68

 Properties of Emergency Fire Pump
 Has its own source of power supply
(usually diesel driven – not electrical)
 Kept separate from main fire pump
Emergency Fire Pump

3 69

 Isolating Valve
 When engine room catches fire and staff
has loss control of it
 Main fire pump will most
likely to be out of action
Isolating valve
FP&FF Short Course _ SMA-2004_ Ver Main Fire Pump

3 70

 When the engine room catches fire and is out of control, the
fire should be contained and prevent from spreading
 Emergency fire pump should be started and boundary
cooling be applied on the outside of the engine room
 If the isolating valve is left open, the water will go into the
engine room-- a waste of water, and effective
pressure will drop.
Fire in engine
room

3 71
Boundary Cooling
 Applying water
spray on the
outside of the
compartment to
prevent it from
spreading.

3 72
Boundary Cooling
Applying water
spray on the
outside casing of
the engine room
to prevent fire from Engine Room
spreading

3 73

 Ship-Shore Connection
 When a ship is in port and catches fire, you will need
water from shore fire hydrants to combat the fire.
 However, ships built from different countries are

built to certain standards, and the hoses from the
ship may not fit the shore hydrants. (eg your 3-point
electrical power plug will not fit Taiwan’s electrical
power point)
 Need an ‘interface’--known as the International
Ship-Shore Connection.

3 74
Ship – Shore Connection

3 75
Looped Firemain System

 Construction is similar to single main except in one area.
Instead of a single pipeline on deck, it has a loop.
Fire hydrants
Isolating valve
Main Fire Emergency Fire

Pump Pump
3 76
Looped Firemain System

3 77
Fire Mains
 Advantage of a loop main against a single
mains
 When a single mains pipe fractures, sea water
supply can be disrupted.
break
 In a looped mains, the sea water can be reroute

through another path. Disadvantage is that they
are more expensive to build.
3 78
Summary of Fire Mains

 Fire mains are found on all ships. They
are either
 Single Firemain System or
 Looped Firemain System

3 79
Fire Mains Accessories

 We now look at accessories to the fire
mains, namely
 Hydrants
 Hoses
 Nozzles

3 80
Fire Mains Accessories

 These are
 Fire Hydrants
 Fire Hoses
 Hose Nozzles

3 81
Fire Hydrants
 These are
attached to the
fire mains.
 You connect the

fire hoses to
them.

3 82
Fire Hydrants
 Sometimes
they have hoses
already
connected to the
hydrants

3 83
Fire Hoses

3 84
Fire Hoses
 They must be made of non-perishable
materials.
 At least one hose for each fire hydrant.
 One hose for every 30 metres of the ship

3 85
Hose Couplings
 They can be the snap-on type or the
bayonet type

3 86
Hose Nozzles
 They should be the dual purpose type,
able to provide
 Solid jet
 Spray jet

3 87
Solid Jet Nozzles

3 88
Solid Jet Nozzle

3 89
Solid Jet Nozzle

 Strengths
 High pressure discharge
 Deep penetration
 Able to aim easily at the seat of fire
 Weakness
 Little cooling effect

3 90
Spray Jet Nozzle

3 91
Spray Jet Nozzle

3 92
Spray Jet Nozzle

 Strength
 Excellent cooling ability
 Able to push back the smoke
 Employed as a ‘heat curtain’, allow closer
approach to the scene of fire
 Disadvantage
 Lack of penetration
3 93
Summary of Accessories
 Fire Hydrants
 Fire Hoses
 Hose Nozzles
 Solid jet
 Spray jet

3 94
Fixed Extinguishing Systems

 Following are mainly found onboard
 CO2 system
 Foam system
 Sprinkler system

3 95
Fixed CO2 system

 Usually deployed in engine room
 Extinguishes the fire by smothering
 CO2 gas is 1.5 times heavier than air
 Clean and leave no residues

3 96
CO2 system alarm
Pressure sensor
vent Starting
Safety bottles
valve
E/R
CO2 battery

3 97
Operations of CO2 for E/R

 Before operation, Captain must ensure
that the following conditions must be
carried out
 Head count (everybody accounted for)
 Engine room is ‘sealed’ air tight

 Ensure no air ingress into space to re-ignite
fire

3 98
Operations
1. Open cabinet to pull handle to release valve
to E/R.
 Alarm will sound
 All crew must evacuate engine room
2. Pull handle that activates the starting

cylinders
a) This will release the rest of the CO2 in the
battery of cylinders

3 99
Entry to CO2 - asphyxiation
Extremely
Dangerous

3 100
CO2
 Spaces where CO2 is employed
 Machinery spaces
 Control room
 Cargo spaces
 Paint room, store room etc

3 101
Foam Extinguishing System

 Foam extinguishes a fire by forming a
blanket of bubbles over the fire
 Prevent air ingress to fire
 Smothering effect
 Very effective on oil fires

3 102
Fixed Foam System

 Fixed Foam System
 Very seldom seen in engine room
 Since foam is very effective in

extinguishing oil fires, it is normally found
on deck of oil tankers

3 103
Fixed Foam System

 Foam Monitors

3 104
Foam Monitors

3 105
Foam System
Foam
Concentrate
Tank
To Foam
Monitors

3 106
Sprinkler System
 Generally installed on passenger vessels
 Fully automatic
 Crew and passenger spaces

3 107
Sprinkler System
 Benefit of an automatic sprinkler system
 Immediate notification of alarm/location
 Immediate operation at all times
 No crew required for its operation
 Continuous supply of water
 Essential for passenger and crew
accommodation on passenger vessels

3 108
Sprinkler Compressed air

Filling FW
system
Section A Press
Gauge
Quartzoid bulbs
Testing valve Fresh Water Tank
Other Sections
Pressure relay
drain
Shore hose
connection
Pump testing valve
System drain
Pump

3 109
Quartzoid bulbs

3 110
Quartzoid Bulb
 Contains a highly expansible liquid
 Liquid expands when temperature of
the room increases
 Bulb breaks
 Water flows out
 Pressure drops
 Fire alarm activated

3 111
Operation of Sprinkler
Press
System
Gauge
 As the water
flow out of F.W tank Fresh Water Tank
 The fresh water level drops

 F.W pressure drops further
 At a certain pressure, sea water pump
takes over, pumping sea water through the
pipes to the fire
3 112
Sprinkler System

3 113
Fire & Smoke Detection
System

3 114
AIM
 Purpose of having a fire and smoke
detection system

3 115
Fire & Smoke Detection

System
 All ships must have a fire and smoke
detection system
 Early detection means

 Early containment of fire (Class A bulkheads)
 Prevent spread of fire
 Extinguishing the fire

3 116
Fire and smoke detectors

If fire is not detected early and goes out of control

3 117
Fire detectors
 Main types of automatic fire detectors
 Automatically activates fire alarms when
there is a fire
 Heat detector
 Smoke detector
 Flame detector

3 118
Heat detector
 3 types
 Bimetallic strip
 Fusible link
 Quartzoid bulb

3 119
Heat Detector
 Bimetallic strip

3 120
Heat Detector
 Fusible link

3 121
Heat Detector
 Quartzoid bulbs

3 122
Smoke detector
 2 types
 Obstruction method
 Scattered method

3 123
Smoke Detector
 Obstruction type

3 124
Smoke Detector
 Scattered type

3 125
Flame detector
 Detects infra-light
emitted by flame

3 126
Alarms
 Alarms and actions which may activated
by a detector
 Audio (bells)
 Visual (red lights)
 May have automatic extinguishing action
(quartzoid bulb)

3 127
Automatic Sprinkler System

 Benefit of an automatic sprinkler system
 Immediate notification of alarm/location
 Immediate operation at all times
 No crew required for its operation
 Continuous supply of water
 Essential for passenger and crew
accommodation on passenger vessels

3 128
Automatic fire alarm

3 129
End of lesson

3 130

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Fire Prevention and Fire

Fighting (2-Day Course)

FP&FF Short Course _ SMA-2004_ Ver

 Spread of fire / Safe practices

 Need for vigilance / Patrol system

 General Emergency Alarm

 Fire Control Plans and muster list

FP&FF Short Course _ SMA-2004_ Ver

 Ship construction arrangements

 Portable fire extinguishers

 Emergency escape routes

 Fire and smoke detection systems

FP&FF Short Course _ SMA-2004_ Ver

FP&FF Short Course _ SMA-2004_ Ver

FP&FF Short Course _ SMA-2014_ Ver

Extinguishing agent Water

 It brings the temperature of burning

FP&FF Short Course _ SMA-2004_ Ver

Extinguishing Agent Water

 Water has a high latent heat of evaporation.

 When water turns to steam, the fire cools and

FP&FF Short Course _ SMA-2004_ Ver

Water as Extinguishing Agent

FP&FF Short Course _ SMA-2004_ Ver

Extinguishing Agent Water

 Water is easily available at sea, too much

FP&FF Short Course _ SMA-2004_ Ver

Extinguishing Agent Foam

 The bubbles are made of water with a

 Stabilizer strengthened the ‘skin’ of the

FP&FF Short Course _ SMA-2004_ Ver

Extinguishing Agent Foam

 Thousands of these bubbles will form a ‘blanket’

 When air is prevented from getting to the fire, fire

Extinguishing Agent Foam

FP&FF Short Course _ SMA-2004_ Ver

Extinguishing Agent Foam

 Since it is mainly composed of water, it

 The stabilizer is a protein that can break

FP&FF Short Course _ SMA-2004_ Ver

Extinguishing Agent CO2

 It is a heavy gas, about 1.5 times heavier than

 The CO2 forms an invisible blanket around the

Extinguishing Agent CO2

FP&FF Short Course _ SMA-2004_ Ver

Extinguishing Agent CO2

 In other words, the fire will be extinguished but,

FP&FF Short Course _ SMA-2004_ Ver

Extinguishing Agent CO2

 CO2 is a heavy gas, like water, it will flow

 It is therefore less effective in open &

FP&FF Short Course _ SMA-2004_ Ver

Extinguishing Agent CO2

 CO2 also does not support life.

 In a confined space, using CO2 can also

FP&FF Short Course _ SMA-2004_ Ver

Dry Powder as Extinguishing

FP&FF Short Course _ SMA-2004_ Ver

Dry Powder as Extinguishing