NETWORKING INTRODUCTION

Basic Networking Concepts

COMIT – CSI, November 2023

www.comitcorp.com
 Hello!

I am Hoàng Sơn (Jason Hoang)

I am here because I want to share you
my knowlegde and also improve my
knowledge as possible

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 Agenda

1. INTRODUCTION

2. PROTOCOLS

3. PROTOCOL LAYERS

4. NETWORK INTERCONNECTION/INTERNET

More info on how to access this document at CSI online folder

Copyright by Hoang Ngoc Son – CSI Division, COMIT, 2023

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 1 Introduction
Let’s start with the first set thing

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 “What is networking?”

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 What is networking?

▪ A network can be defined as a group of computers and other devices

connected in some ways so as to be able to exchange data

▪ Each of the devices on the network can be thought of as a node; each node
has a unique address

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 BIG
CONCEPT
“The central principle underlying an IP
network’s operation is the concept of
identify defining and packet routing”

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 How to define the identify?

Addresses Name
“are numeric quantities that are easy "some networks also provide names
for computers to work with, but not that humans can more easily
for humans to remember” remember than numbers”

Example: 204.160.241.98 Example: www.javasoft.com,

corresponding to the above numeric
address

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 How to define the identify?
Cnt.

Addressing Port DNS

- An IP address is a unique identifier - An IP address identifies a host - Mnemonic textual addresses are
assigned to each device within an IP machine on the Internet. provided to facilitate the
network. - An IP port will identify a specific manipulation of internet addresses.
- There are two primary types of IP application running on an -DNS servers are responsible for
addresses: IPv4 and IPv6 Internet host machine. translating mnemonic textual
- For TCP and UDP, a port number Internet addresses into hard numeric
- Furthermore, IPv4 addresses can
Internet addresses
either be public or private. Public is a 16-bit unsigned integer, thus
IPs are unique globally and can be ranging from 0 to 65535
accessed over the internet. In
contrast, private IPs are reserved for
use within private networks and
aren’t directly reachable over the
public internet

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 IP Address

IPv4 IPv6

Deployed 1981 Deployed 1998

32-bit IP address 128-bit IP address

4.3 billion addresses 7.9x addresses

Addresses must be reused and masked Every device can have a unique address

Numeric dot-decimal notation Alphanumeric hexadecimal notation

DHCP or manual configuration Supports autoconfiguration

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 IPv4 Addressing

Use
Class big image
Address
Range
Subnet masking Example IP
Leading Max number of
bits networks
Application

Used for large number of

IP Class A 1 to 126 255.0.0.0 1.1.1.1 8 128
hosts.

Used for medium size

IP Class B 128 to 191 255.255.0.0 128.1.1.1 16 16384
network.

IP Class C 192 to 223 255.255.255.0 192.1.1.1 24 2097157 Used for local area network.

IP Class D 224 to 239 NA NA NA NA Reserve for multi-tasking.

This class is reserved for

IP Class E 240 to 254 NA NA NA NA research and Development
Purposes.

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 8,040,093,004
Whoa! That’s a big number, aren’t you proud?

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 IPv6 status

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 IPv6 Status Cnt.

You can find more on the https://www.google.com/intl/en/ipv6/statistics.html

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 Most important - NAT

Network Address Translation (NAT) is a technique used in IP networks to map private IP

addresses to public IP addresses, allowing multiple devices within a private network to share a
single public IP address

By translating private IP addresses to public IP addresses, NAT allows multiple devices to access the internet
simultaneously without requiring a unique public IP address for each device. This approach reduces the demand for IPv4
16 addresses and helps delay the exhaustion of the IPv4 address space.
 Data Transmission

In modern networks, data are transferred using packet

switching.
- Messages are broken into units called packets, and sent
from one computer to the other.
- At the destination, data are extracted from one or more
packets and used to reconstruct the original message.
- Each packet has a maximum size, and consists of a
header and a data area
- The header contains the addresses of the source and
destination computers and sequencing information
necessary to reassemble the message at the destination

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 Data Transmission

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 Data Transmission

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2 Protocol Layers
 OSI Model
“The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
model describes seven layers that computer
systems use to communicate over a
network”

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 OSI model

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 TCP/IP model

App

Presentation applications and processes running on the network

Session

Transport provides end-to-end data delivery services

Network makes datagrams and handles data routing

Data link
provides routines allowing access to the physical
Physical network

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 How to OSI/TCP/IP model
work?

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TCP/IP model
 How to OSI/TCP/IP model
work? Cnt.

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 Layer 1: Physical Layer

▪ This connection
Before any network
could
communications
be wired, fiber can
or wireless,
occur, a physical
dependingconnection
on the setup
to a
local
of thenetwork
networkmust be established

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 Layer 1: Physical Layer

▪ Transports bit across the network media

▪ Accepts a complete frame from the Data Link Layer (Layer 2) and
encodes it as series of signal that are transmitted to the local media

▪ This is the last step in the encapsulation process

▪ The next device in the path to the destination receives the bits and re-
encapsulation the frame, then decides what to do with it

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 Layer 1: Physical Layer

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 Layer 1: Physical Layer

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 Layer 1: Physical Layer

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 Layer 1: Physical Layer

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 Layer 1: Physical Layer

▪ Physical Layer Standards address three functional areas

▫ Physical Components
▫ Encoding
▫ Signaling

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 Layer 1: Physical Layer

Physical Components: Physical components carry the message in a reliable and consistent
manner so that the receiver gets the message as it was sent.

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 Layer 1: Physical Layer

Encoding is another major function of the physical layer. The bits in the encapsulated data link layer
frame need to be grouped, or encoded, into patterns recognized by Layer 1 devices. After
transmission, the receiving Layer 1 device decodes patterns and hands the frame up to the data link
layer

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 Layer 1: Physical Layer

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 Layer 1: Physical Layer

Each physical layer medium carries data at a different speed. There are three different
ways to analyze the transfer speed of data on a medium:

■ Theoretically as bandwidth

■ Practically as throughput

■ Qualitatively as goodput

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 Layer 1: Physical Layer

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 Layer 1: Physical Layer

Latency: Time to takers for request to go from the client to the server and back
to the client

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 Layer 1: Physical Layer

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 Physical Media: Connecting
Communication

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 Physical Media: Connecting
Communication

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 Physical Media: Connecting
Communication

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 Physical Media: Connecting
Communication

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 Physical Media: Connecting
Communication

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 Physical Media: Connecting
Communication

The IEEE and telecommunications industry standards for wireless data communications cover
both the data link and physical layers. Following are four common data communications
standards that apply to wireless media:
■ Standard IEEE 802.11: Commonly referred to as Wi-Fi, 802.11 is a wireless LAN (WLAN)
technology that uses a contention or nondeterministic system with a carrier sense multiple
access/collision avoid (CSMA/CA) media access process.
■ Standard IEEE 802.15: Wireless Personal-Area Network (WPAN): Commonly known as
Bluetooth, 802.15 uses a device-pairing process to communicate over distances from 1 to 100
meters.
■ Standard IEEE 802.16: Commonly known as WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access), 802.16 uses a point-to-multipoint topology to provide wireless broadband
access.
■ Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM): Includes physical layer specifications
that enable the implementation of the Layer 2 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) protocol
to provide data transfer over mobile cellular telephony networks.
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 THANKS!

Any questions?

You can find the document on the CSI folder online

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3 Protocols