CHAP4 AtomicStructure

Chemistry Wilbraham
Staley
Matta
Waterman
Chapter 4: Atomic Structure

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education & Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Discoveries of the Atom
An atom is the smallest particle of an element that retains its

identity in a chemical reaction
Democritus's Atomic Philosophy
Democritus believed that atoms were indivisible and

indestructible.
John Dalton’s atomic theory
Which states:
1. All elements are composed of tiny indivisible particles called atoms.
2. Atoms of the same element are identical. The atoms of any one element
are different from those of any other element.
3. Atoms of different elements can physically mix together or can chemically

combine in simple whole-number ratios to form compounds.
4. Chemical reactions occur when atoms are separated, joined, or

rearranged. Atoms of one element, however, are never changed into atoms
of another element as a result of a chemical reaction.
Three kinds of subatomic particles
are electrons, protons, and
neutrons
J.J. Thomson determined that
cathode rays were a fundamental
part of matter he called electrons.
He determined their charge to

mass ratio (e/m= -1.76 x 108
coulomb’s gram-1)
Led to the “plum pudding” model

of the atom, which had electrons
bathed in a sea of position charges
similar to raisins in English
pudding.
Cathode-ray tube
A cathode ray is deflected by
electrically charged metal
plates, as shown beside. A
positively charged plate attracts
the cathode ray, while a
negatively charged plate repels
it. Thomson knew that opposite
charges attract and like repel, so
he determined the cathode ray
to be stream of negatively
charged particles moving at
high speed. Thomson called
these particles corpuscles; later
named electrons.
Evidence for such a positively charged particle was found in
1886, when Eugen Goldstein (1850-1930) observed a cathode-ray
tube and found rays traveling in the direction opposite to that of
the cathode rays. He called these rays canal rays and concluded
that they were composed of positive particles. Such positively
charged subatomic particles are called protons. Each proton has
a mass about 1840 times that of an electron.
In 1932, James Chadwick
discovered a very penetrating form
of radiation.
The third major particle that makes

up the atom, and it was named the
neutron since it is neutral.
The neutron has a mass almost

equal to that of the proton.
Rutherford’s gold foil experiment
• Ernest Rutherford was interested in radioactive

materials and identified alpha and beta particles in
his research.
• Their test used alpha particles, which are helium
atoms that have lost their two electrons and have a
double positive charge- two remaining protons.
• A narrow beam of alpha particles were directed at a

very thin sheet of gold foil.
• Through the gold foil experiment Rutherford

deduced the nuclear model of the atom.
Rutherford’s results:
most alpha particles went
straight through the gold
foil, or were slightly
deflected.
However, what was
surprising is that a small
fraction of the alpha
particles bounced off the
gold foil at very large
angles.
The mass and positive charge are

concentrated in a small region of
the atom. Rutherford called this
region the nucleus. The nucleus is
the tiny central core of an atom
and is composed of protons and
neutrons.
Name Symbol Relative Charge
Electrons -1 e or e-
Protons +1 p
Neutrons 0 n
Distinguishing Among Atoms
What makes one element different from another?

Distinguishing Among Atoms
Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Protons and neutrons make up the nucleus.
Electrons surround the nucleus.

Atomic number
The atomic number of an element is the number of protons in

the nucleus of an atom of that element.
ex: all hydrogen atoms have one proton, the atomic number is
1.
All oxygen atoms have eight protons, the atomic number is 8.
The atomic number identifies an element.

In table 4.2:
Atoms are electrically neutral. Thus, the number of electrons

(negative charged particles) must equal the number of
protons (positively charged particles).
Understanding Atomic Number
The element nitrogen (N), shown here is liquid form, has an

atomic number of 7. How many protons and electrons are in
a neutral nitrogen atom?
The atomic number of nitrogen is 7, which means that a
neutral nitrogen atom has 7 protons and 7 electrons.
Mass Number
The total number of protons & neutrons in an atom is called

the mass number.
The number of neutrons in an atom is the difference between

the mass number and the atomic number.
Number of neutrons = mass number - atomic number.

The chemical symbol for
Lithium, Li appears with two
Mass no.
numbers written to the left.
The mass number is the

superscript.
The atomic number is the

subscript.
You can also refer to atoms by using the mass number and the
name of the element.
Ex: 197 79Au may be written as gold-197.
How many electrons does gold have?

Isotopes
Isotopes: are atoms that have the same number of protons but
different numbers of neutrons.
Because isotopes of an element have different numbers of

neutrons, they also have different mass numbers.
Isotopes are chemically alike because they have identical

numbers of protons and electrons, which are the subatomic
particles responsible for chemical behavior.
Chemical symbols of Isotopes
Diamonds are a naturally occurring form of elemental carbon.

Two stable isotopes of carbon are carbon-12 and carbon-13.
Write the symbols for each isotope using superscripts and
subscripts to represent the mass number and atomic number.
The symbol for carbon is C and the atomic number is 6. The
mass number for each isotope is given by its name. For
carbon-12, the symbol is 126C. For carbon-13, the symbol is
6C.
13
Atomic Mass
Mass of a proton or neutron is very small (1.67 x 10 -24 g).
Mass of an electron is 9.11 x 10-28 g).
The mass of even the largest atom is incredibly small.

An atomic mass unit (amu) is defined as one twelfth of the
mass of a carbon-12 atom.
helium-4 atom, with a mass of 4.0026 amu, has about 1/3 the
mass of a carbon-12 atom.
Carbon-12 has six protons and six neutrons in its nucleus, and
its mass is set as 12 amu.
Atomic mass is a weighted average mass of the atoms in a
naturally occurring sample of element.
The atomic mass of copper is 63.546 amu. Which of copper’s
two isotopes is more abundant: copper-63 or copper-65?
Analyze
The atomic mass of an element is the weighted average mass

of the atoms in a naturally occurring sample of the element. A
weighted average mass reflects both the mass and the relative
abundance of the isotope as they occur in nature.
Solve
The atomic mass of 63.546 amu is closer to 63 than to 65.
Because the atomic mass is a weighted average of the
isotopes, copper-63 must be more abundant than copper-65.
Calculating Atomic Mass
To calculate the atomic mass of an element, multiply the mass

of each isotope by the natural abundance, expressed as a
decimal, and then add the products.
Atomic mass of carbon = (12.00 amu x 0.9889) + (13.003 amu x

0.0111) = 12.011 amu
Calculating Atomic Mass
Element X has two natural isotopes. The isotope with a mass

of 10.012 amu (10X) has a relative abundance of 19.91%. The
isotope with a mass of 11.009 amu ( 11X) has a relative
abundance of 80.09%. Calculate the atomic mass of this
element
Facts and Figures
Carbon-14 Dating
All living organisms contain carbon-12 and carbon-14 in a

fixed ratio. After an organism dies, this ratio changes as the
carbon-14 decays. Paleontologists and archaeologists use
this fact to establish the age of fossils and ancient artifacts.
Review
The periodic table
How many elements are in period 2?
There are eight elements in period 2.
In group 2A?
There are 6 elements in group 2A.

Practice Problems:
Complete this table:

CHAP4 AtomicStructure

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHAP4 AtomicStructure

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHAP4 AtomicStructure

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chemistry Wilbraham

Chapter 4: Atomic Structure

An atom is the smallest particle of an element that retains its

Democritus's Atomic Philosophy

Democritus believed that atoms were indivisible and

3. Atoms of different elements can physically mix together or can chemically

4. Chemical reactions occur when atoms are separated, joined, or

He determined their charge to

Led to the “plum pudding” model

The third major particle that makes

The neutron has a mass almost

• Ernest Rutherford was interested in radioactive

• A narrow beam of alpha particles were directed at a

• Through the gold foil experiment Rutherford

The mass and positive charge are

What makes one element different from another?

Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Protons and neutrons make up the nucleus.

Electrons surround the nucleus.

The atomic number of an element is the number of protons in

All oxygen atoms have eight protons, the atomic number is 8.

The atomic number identifies an element.

Atoms are electrically neutral. Thus, the number of electrons

The element nitrogen (N), shown here is liquid form, has an

The total number of protons & neutrons in an atom is called

The number of neutrons in an atom is the difference between

Number of neutrons = mass number - atomic number.

The mass number is the

The atomic number is the

Ex: 197 79Au may be written as gold-197.

How many electrons does gold have?

Because isotopes of an element have different numbers of

Isotopes are chemically alike because they have identical

Diamonds are a naturally occurring form of elemental carbon.

Mass of a proton or neutron is very small (1.67 x 10 -24 g).

Mass of an electron is 9.11 x 10-28 g).

The mass of even the largest atom is incredibly small.

The atomic mass of an element is the weighted average mass

To calculate the atomic mass of an element, multiply the mass

Atomic mass of carbon = (12.00 amu x 0.9889) + (13.003 amu x

Element X has two natural isotopes. The isotope with a mass

All living organisms contain carbon-12 and carbon-14 in a

The periodic table

How many elements are in period 2?

There are eight elements in period 2.

There are 6 elements in group 2A.

You might also like