Chap 16 Residue

Integration by the Method
of Residues
Zeros and Singularities
• If a function is analytic in a domain D and is zero at a point z=a in D,
then f(z) is said to have a zero at that point z=a.
• If not only f(z) but also the derivatives f’(z), f’’(z)…. (z) are all zero at
z=a and , then f(z) is said to have a zero of order n at the point z=a.
• For example, if f(a)=0, f’(a) , then f has a zero of first order or a simple
zero at z=a.
• If f(a)=0, f’(a)=0, but f’’(a) , then the zero of f at z=a is of the second
order, etc.
• The zero is of called n-th order at infinity if f(1/z) has a zero at z=0.
Example 1
a) Sin z: simple zeros at z=0, ±π, ±2π, …
b) : 3rd order zero at z=a
c) : 2nd order zeros at z=0, ±2π, ±4π, …
d) : By definition, , at z=0
If is analytic in some neighborhood of a point z=a and has a zero of nth

order at a, it follows that from Taylor’s theorem that the series is given
by:
]
• A point a is called an isolated point of a set S, if it has a neighborhood
which does not contain further points of S.
• A point b is called a limit point of S, if every neighborhood of b (no
matter how small) contains at least one point (other than b) of S (and
hence infinitely many points of S)
Example 2
a) The set of points z=n (n=1, 2, …) consists wholly of isolated points.
b) The set of point z=i/n on the imaginary axis consists wholly of
isolated points and has one limit point , namely z=0, which does not
belong to S
c) The set of complex numbers z for which |z|<1 has no isolated points
Theorem 1
The zeros of an analytic function are isolated.
• Analytic function may have different types of singularities.

• If has an isolated singularity at a point z=a, then it can be represented
by its Laurent series.
(1)
valid throughout some neighborhood of z=a.
• The second part (with coefficients , is called the principal part of f(z).
• If from some n on, all the coefficients are zero, say, , and for all n>m,
then Eq. (1) becomes
(2)
• In this case where the principal part consists of finitely many terms,
the singularity of f at z=a is called a pole, and m is called the order of
the pole.
• If an analytic function f has a singularity other than a pole, this
singularity is called an essential singularity of f. Thus all singularities
which are not isolated are essential singularities.
• A singular point of an analytic function f(z) is the point where the
function ceases to be analytic, i.e. to be differentiable; it goes to
infinity.
Example 3
Find the poles and the order of singularity of the following function:
Solution
We write
- In this form, we can clearly see that the function goes to infinity when
z=0 and when z=2. So these are the poles.

- The derivative will be zero after the 6th differentiation, and so the pole
is of the 5th order.
Homework
Find the location and type of singularity of the following function:
Solution
Residues
• Cauchy’s integral theorem, for any contour C in the neighborhood of a
point z=a (no singularity)
• For a the existence of a pole or isolated singularity at z=a, with a in

the interior of C, we can write the Laurent series for 0<|z-a|<R:
where R is the distance from a to the nearest singular point of f(z).

• The Laurent series coefficient is in general given by:
• In particular, for n=1, becomes
(1)
Replacing by
(2)
and therefore
(3)
with the integration being taken in the counterclockwise sense around
a simple closed path C which lies in the domain 0<|z-a|<R and contains
the point z=a in its interior.
• The coefficient in Eq. (1) (2) and (3) above is called the residue of f(z)
at z=a.
• Written as
(4)
Example 1
Integrate the function, around the unit circle C in the counterclockwise
sense.
Solution
Now
therefore
Here,
Hence ).
To find Simple Poles
If f(z) has a simple pole at a point z=a, the corresponding Laurent series
is of the form
(0<|z-a|<R)
where Multiply both sides by :
If we let z approach a, the right-hand side approaches and we obtain

(5)
Example 2:
; pole at a=1.
• For simple poles, another useful formula which can be used to find
the residue is given by (proof is given in the book):
• If the function f(z) can be expressed as
then the residue can be obtained as

(6)
Example 3
Find the residues at those singular points which lie inside the circle of |
z|=1.5.
Solution
Simple poles at,
Using Eq. (6)
lies outside the circle, but lies within it
This means the integral of the function is, , with C being a unit circle
The Residue Theorem
Let f(z) be a function which is analytic inside a simple closed path C and
on C, except for finitely many singular points , ,…., inside C. Then
the integral being taken in the counterclockwise sense around C.

Example 4
Integrate function around the unit circle
Solution
so, the simple poles occur at z=0, z=1 with corresponding residues of
-4 and +1.
Therefore, if both points lie within the circle, then
If only z=0 lies inside the circle, then

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Integration by the Method

If is analytic in some neighborhood of a point z=a and has a zero of nth

• Analytic function may have different types of singularities.

z=0 and when z=2. So these are the poles.

• For a the existence of a pole or isolated singularity at z=a, with a in

where R is the distance from a to the nearest singular point of f(z).

If we let z approach a, the right-hand side approaches and we obtain

then the residue can be obtained as

lies outside the circle, but lies within it

the integral being taken in the counterclockwise sense around C.

If only z=0 lies inside the circle, then

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