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2 - Components, Functionalities & Types of OS

This document provides an overview of operating systems, including their functions, components, and types. It discusses how operating systems manage resources and processes, perform memory management, handle I/O devices, and more. The key components of an OS are the kernel, process management, memory management, file systems, device management, security, and user interfaces. Common types of operating systems include batch, multiprogramming, multitasking, multiprocessing, real-time, distributed, and embedded OSs.

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Manan Mehta
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23 views15 pages

2 - Components, Functionalities & Types of OS

This document provides an overview of operating systems, including their functions, components, and types. It discusses how operating systems manage resources and processes, perform memory management, handle I/O devices, and more. The key components of an OS are the kernel, process management, memory management, file systems, device management, security, and user interfaces. Common types of operating systems include batch, multiprogramming, multitasking, multiprocessing, real-time, distributed, and embedded OSs.

Uploaded by

Manan Mehta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Overview of Operating System

Content
 Quick Recap
 Functions of OS
 Components of OS
 Types of OS
Introduction to Operating System (Recap)

 OS is a resource allocator
◦ Manages all resources
◦ Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and fair resource use
 OS is a control program
◦ Controls execution of programs to prevent errors and improper use of the
computer

Motivation of studying OS

 Design Goals: Convenience, Easy to use, Efficiency, Isolation

 History of OS: Started as a lib, later evolved from function call to


system call
Computer System Organization

Computer-system operation
 One or more CPUs, device controllers connect through common bus
providing access to shared memory
 Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices competing for memory cycles
Functions of operating system
 Process (a running program) Management:
 Involves handling the creation, scheduling, and termination of
processes, which are executing programs.
 Process abstraction: Each process has the illusion of having the
complete CPU, i.e., OS virtualizes CPU
 Enables coordination between processes

 Memory Management:
Manages allocation and deallocation of physical and virtual memory
spaces to various programs.
 OS manages the memory of the process: code, data, stack, heap etc.
Functions of operating system (Cont.)

I/O Device Management:


Handles I/O operations of peripheral devices like disks, keyboards,
network cards, etc., including buffering and caching.
Issues instructions to devices (fetch data from a file)

 File Management:
Manages files on storage devices, including their information,
naming, permissions, and hierarchy.
Persistent data organized as a filesystem on disk
Functions of operating system (Cont.)

Network Management:
Manages network protocols and functions, enabling the OS to
establish network connections and transfer data.

 Security & Protection:


Ensures system protection against unauthorized access and other
security threats through authentication, authorization, and
encryption.
Components of operating system
1. Kernel:
“The one program running at all times on the computer” is the kernel
Everything else is either a system program (ships with the operating system),
or an application program
Central Component: Manages the system's resources and communication
between hardware and software.

2. Process Management
Process Scheduler: Determines the execution of processes.
Process Control Block (PCB): Contains process details such as process ID,
priority, status, etc.
Concurrency Control: Manages simultaneous execution.

3. Memory Management
Physical Memory Management: Manages RAM allocation.
Virtual Memory Management: Simulates additional memory using disk space.
Memory Allocation: Assigns memory to different processes.
Components of operating system (Cont.)

4. File System Management


 File Handling: Manages the creation, deletion, and access of files and directories.
 File Control Block: Stores file attributes and control information.
 Disk Scheduling: Organizes the order of reading or writing to disk.

5. Device Management
 Device Drivers: Interface between the hardware and the operating system.
 I/O Controllers: Manage data transfer to and from peripheral devices.

6. Security and Access Control


 Authentication: Verifies user credentials.
 Authorization: Controls access permissions to files and directories.
 Encryption: Ensures data confidentiality and integrity.
Components of operating system (Cont.)

7. User Interface
Command Line Interface (CLI): Text-based user interaction.
Graphical User Interface (GUI): Visual, user-friendly interaction
with the OS.

8. Networking
Network Protocols: Rules for communication between devices on a
network.
Network Interface: Manages connection between the computer and
the network.
Types of operating system
1. Batch OS

2. Multiprogramming OS

3. Multitasking/Time sharing OS

4. Multiprocessing OS

5. Real Time OS

6. Distributed OS

7. Clustered OS

8. Embedded OS
Batch OS

 Only one job is given input at a time as there was no memory; computer
will take the input then process it and then generate output.

 Common input/output device were punch card or tape drives. So, these
devices were very slow, and processor remain ideal most of the time.
Batch OS

 To speed up the processing job with similar types (for e.g. FORTRAN
jobs, COBOL jobs etc.) were batched together and run through the
processor as a group (batch).

 Disadvantage: CPU Idealness


Spooling (Simultaneous peripheral operations
online)

 In a computer system input-output devices, such as printers are very slow


relative to the performance of the rest of the system.
 Spooling is a process in which data is temporarily held in memory or other
volatile storage to be used by a device or a program.
Upcoming topics

 Types of System calls


 Services of OS

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