Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 25 views

    Ce155-2 Lecture 2 Earthworks

    Uploaded by

    Mark Pulongbarit
    Excavation is an essential early step of any construction project to prepare the land and create strong foundations, involving the removal of soil and preparation of the site through heavy machinery; the process and costs of excavation depend on factors like the project site characteristics, soil type, equipment used, and time of year; accurate computation of excavation volumes is important for project planning, cost estimation, and determining necessary hauling and compaction.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Ce155-2 Lecture 2 Earthworks

    Uploaded by

    Mark Pulongbarit
    25 views17 pages
    Excavation is an essential early step of any construction project to prepare the land and create strong foundations, involving the removal of soil and preparation of the site through heavy machinery; the process and costs of excavation depend on factors like the project site characteristics, soil type, equipment used, and time of year; accurate computation of excavation volumes is important for project planning, cost estimation, and determining necessary hauling and compaction.

    Original Title

    CE155-2 LECTURE 2 EARTHWORKS

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Excavation is an essential early step of any construction project to prepare the land and create strong foundations, involving the removal of soil and preparation of the site through heavy machinery; the process and costs of excavation depend on factors like the project site characteristics, soil type, equipment used, and time of year; accurate computation of excavation volumes is important for project planning, cost estimation, and determining necessary hauling and compaction.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    25 views17 pages

    Ce155-2 Lecture 2 Earthworks

    Uploaded by

    Mark Pulongbarit
    Excavation is an essential early step of any construction project to prepare the land and create strong foundations, involving the removal of soil and preparation of the site through heavy machinery; the process and costs of excavation depend on factors like the project site characteristics, soil type, equipment used, and time of year; accurate computation of excavation volumes is important for project planning, cost estimation, and determining necessary hauling and compaction.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 17

    CE155-2

    LECTURE 2: EXCAVATION WORKS


    EXCAVATION INTRODUCTION
    • Whether you plan to erect a commercial or residential site, excavation work is essential to
    guarantee a reliable foundation.
    • Every construction site has unique characteristics, but the site needs preparation for the
    foundation. Therefore, excavation is among the most critical construction processes, as it
    determines the suitability of a foundation in a project.
    EARTHWORKS
    • Earthworks is essential when it comes to preparation of Bill of Materials and Cost Estimate
    in our projects to be submitted with the complete working drawings when processing
    building permits.
    LAND EXCAVATION
    • Land excavation is more than digging holes in the ground. It is the process of removing soil from a workplace
    to form a trench, cavity, or tunnel. Land excavation involves heavy machinery like bulldozers, excavators,
    and backhoes.
    • Though excavation is typically used in construction to grade and lay foundations, it can be multi-purposed as
    it can involve tunneling, creating wall shafts, and earthworks.
    • Excavation is essential for all projects as it creates a strong foundation for a construction project. Only
    experienced engineers and contractors can determine the excavation work necessary for a project.
    WHY EXCAVATE LAND?
    • Excavation is vital in determining the capability of a structure to withstand stress. It helps
    link the distinct features in a project. Clearing the site of unwanted boulders and rocks and
    moving the earth makes further work possible.
    • The excavation also helps in trenching for building septic tanks and channels for drainage
    pipes, which is vital for any construction project.
    HOW IS EXCAVATION PRICED?
    • Excavation is priced as per the volume in cubic meters of dirt removed. Small projects cost
    less than big ones, and the cost is higher for projects with difficult-to-reach areas than
    for easily accessible projects.
    • The equipment used in an excavation job affects pricing, as excavation machinery is
    expensive to maintain.
    • The time of the year also influences excavation costs. There are some periods when
    contractors are off-season, and they are likely to offer lower prices, especially during early
    Spring or late Fall. However, it would be best to confirm whether the outdoor temperatures
    affect your construction work before hiring.
    • The soil type in your area affects excavation costs. Soft ground is easier to excavate than
    hard and stony ground, which will cost more. The project's location also affects total costs.
    The farther away from the excavation company, the higher the excavation costs.As you can
    see, several factors affect the pricing of excavation works.
    HOW IS EXCAVATION PRICED?
    HOW TO COMPUTE EXCAVATION VOLUME
    • Formula to get the excavation volume just simply use the formula of width x length x
    height to get its volume

    • Excavation with added formworks – some engineers would include additional


    allowance of
    0.25m just around the size of footing being excavated (perimeter).

    • Excavation with added working space – if the footing is too deep and needs some space
    for proper adjustments of formworks and compacting during pouring of concrete then you
    may add on both sides/all sides at least 600mm for ease of movement.
    HOW TO COMPUTE EXCAVATION VOLUME

    100mm thk gravel fill

    Excavation with added formworks Excavation with added working space


    SAMPLE PROBLEM # 1
    NOTE: No added formworks and working space
    • Footing size = 1.5 x 1.5m
    • Depth of footing = 1.5m (Hint: +100mm THK gravel bedding)
    • Footing thickness = 0.25m
    • Column size = 0.25 x 0.35m
    • No. of Footings = 12 sets

    1. Compute for excavation in cu.m. ANSWER: 43.2 cu.m.


    2. Compute for backfill in cu.m. ANSWER: 32.44 cu.m.
    SAMPLE PROBLEM # 2
    NOTE: with added formworks only
    • Footing size = 2m x 1.8m
    • Depth of footing = 2m (Hint: +100mm THK gravel bedding)
    • Footing thickness = 0.45m
    • Column size = 0.45 x 0.5m
    • No. of Footings = 8 sets

    1. Compute for excavation in cu.m. ANSWER: 96.60 cu.m.


    2. Compute for backfill in cu.m. ANSWER: 76.25 cu.m.
    SAMPLE PROBLEM # 3
    NOTE: with added formworks and working space
    • Footing size = 1.5 x 2.5m
    • Depth of footing = 4m (Hint: +100mm THK gravel bedding)
    • Footing thickness = 0.30m
    • Column size = 0.40 x 0.45m
    • No. of Footings = 15 sets

    1. Compute for excavation in cu.m. ANSWER: 781.92 cu.m.


    2. Compute for backfill in cu.m. ANSWER: 746.06 cu.m.
    COMPACTION
    • Backfills are usually compacted up to 25% of the fill volume. On the other hand, excavated
    materials are expected to expand up to 25% in volume when loaded for transport.

    Volumes of fills need to be multiplied by 1.25 to allow compaction.

    V fill = V excavate x 1.25


    SAMPLE PROBLEM # 4
    NOTE: with added formworks of 0.3m and working space of 0.65m
    • Footing size = 1.8 x 3m
    • Depth of footing = 4.5m (Hint: +100mm THK gravel bedding)
    • Footing thickness = 0.35m
    • Column size = 0.40 x 0.50m
    • No. of Footings = 5 sets
    1. Compute for excavation in cu.m. = 395.62 cu.m.
    2. Compute for backfill in cu.m. considering compaction = 472.125 cu.m.
    SWELL FACTOR FOR HAULING OF SOIL
    • The swell factor of soil is the amount of volume increase from the undisturbed (Bank
    Volume) to the excavated (Loose Volume) state due to the air pockets created.
    SWELL FACTOR FOR HAULING OF SOIL
    SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 5
    Size of pit to be excavated = 12m x 10m Depth of
    pit = 9m
    THK of gravel bedding = 100mm Swell
    Factor = Clay 35%

    Problem:
    1. Bank Volume = 1,080 cu.m.
    2. Loose Volume = 1,458 cu.m.
    3. How many trucks need for haul out
    (assume 15cu.m. per truck load
    capacity) = 97 trucks needed to haul
    out and dispose

    You might also like