AST 117 - Industrial Power Electronics

GROUP:5
Inverter
Table of contents
Introduction
Benefits of Inverter
Classification of Inverter
Performance
parameters of Inverter
WHAT IS INVERTER
An inverter is an electrical device that
converts direct current (DC) to
alternating current (AC). DC is the type
of current that comes from batteries,
solar panels, or other sources that store
or generate electricity. AC is the type of
current that is used by most household
appliances, such as lights, fans,
refrigerators, etc. AC can also be
transmitted over long distances through
power grids.
To convert DC to AC, an
inverter uses electronic circuits
or switches to change the
polarity of the DC voltage at a
certain frequency. The
frequency determines the
number of times the current
changes direction per second.
The inverter may be
built as standalone
equipment for
applications such as
solar power, or to
work as a backup
power supply from
batteries which are
charged separately.
An inverter provides an ac voltage from dc power
sources and is useful in powering electronics and
electrical equipment rated at the ac mains voltage.
In addition they are widely used in the switched
mode power supplies inverting stages. The circuits
are classified according the switching technology
and switch type, the waveform, the frequency and
output waveform.
Benefits of Inverter
● Energy-saving Fan and pump applications ● Controlled Starting Current It takes seven
benefit significantly from AC drives. Superior to to eight times of the AC motor’s full-load
dampers and on/off controls, using AC drives current to start the motor. The AC drive
can reduce energy consumption by 20 to 50 reduces the starting current, resulting in
percent by controlling motor rotation. It is fewer motor rewinds, and this extends
similar to reducing the speed of a car. Instead motor life.
of using breaks, the speed of the car can be
reduced by lightly pressing on the accelerator.
● Reduced Power Line Disturbances
● Soft Starters An AC Drive starts the motor by Starting an AC motor across the line can
delivering power at a low frequency. It gradually place an enormous drain in the power
increases the frequency and motor speed until distribution system, causing a voltage
the desired speed is met. Operators can set sag. Sensitive equipment such as
the acceleration and deceleration at any time, computers and sensors will trip when a
which is ideal for escalators and conveyor belts large motor starts. The AC drive
to avoid dropouts of loads. eliminates this voltage sag by removing
the power from the motor instead of
● Easily Changes the Direction of Rotation ● Adjustable Torque Limit AC Drives can
AC drives can handle frequent start and stop protect motors from damage by accurately
operations. It only needs a small current to controlling the torque. For example, in a
change the direction of rotation after machine jam, the motor will continue to rotate
changing the rotation command. Stand until the overload device opens. An AC drive
mixers can produce the right output as the can be set to limit the amount of torque
direction of rotation, and the number of applied to the motor to avoid exceeding the
revolutions can be controlled with an inverter torque limit.
drive
● Elimination of Mechanical Drive Components
An AC drive can deliver low or high-speed
● Simple Installation AC drives are pre- required by the load without speed-increasing
programmed. Control power of auxiliaries, or reduction devices and gearboxes. This
communication lines, and motor leads are saves maintenance costs and floor-space
already factory wired. The contractor only needs requirements
to connect the line to the power source that will
supply the AC drive.
Classification of inverters
cInput source wise classification: There are two main types of
input sources for inverters: voltage source and current source.
Output phase wise classification: There are two main types of

output phases for inved thrOutput phase wise classification:
There are two main types of output phases for inverters:
single phase and three phase. A single phase inverter produces
a single phase AC output from a DC input. A three phase
inverter produces a three phase AC output from a DC input.
ee phase. A single put. A three phase i
Classification of Inverter Modes of operation
Methods of commutation wise wise classification:
classification: There are two main There are three main
methods of commutation for modes of operation
inverters: line commutated and force
for inverters: stand-
commutated. Line commutated
inverters use the AC supply voltage
alone, grid-
to turn off the switching devices, connected, and
such as thyristors. Force bimodal.
commutated inverters use external
circuits.
Number of voltage level wise classification: There are
two main types of voltage levels for inverters: two-level
and multilevel. A two-level inverter produces a two-
level AC output, either positive or negative, from a DC
input. A multilevel inverter produces a multilevel AC
output, with more than two levels, from a DC input.
Multilevel inverters can reduce the harmonic distortion
and switching losses, and improve the power quality
and output voltage resolution
Performance parameters of
inverters are the characteristics
that describe how well an inverter
converts direct current (DC) into
alternating current (AC).
Performance parameters of inverters
● Output voltage and ● Power capacity: This is
frequency: These the maximum amount of
are the values of the power that the inverter
AC signal that the can deliver to the load or
the grid. It is usually
inverter produces.
expressed in watts (W)
or volt-amperes (VA).
Total harmonic distortion
Efficiency: This is the ratio of (THD): This is the measure of
the output power to the input how much the output waveform
power of the inverter. It of the inverter deviates from a
measures how much of the pure sine wave. Harmonics are
DC power is converted into the unwanted components of the
AC power without losses. output waveform that have
frequencies that are multiples of
the fundamental frequency
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GROUP:5

Output phase wise classification: There are two main types of

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