SURVEYING

SURVEYING II
II
Lec-1

Prepared by – Ir.Eyob.D
 Introduction
Definition
 An art of collecting data for mapping
the relative positions of points above,
below or on the surface of the earth.
 Surveying also includes the art of
locating or setting out points on the
ground from a plan or a map.

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Continued …
• Surveying involves the measurement of distances
and angles for one or more of the following
purposes:
1. To determine the relative positions of points on the
earth’s surface – to locate arbitrary points,
configuration of the ground, direction and length of
lines, boundary lines, etc,
2. To set out the line and grades needed for the
construction of structures.
3. To calculate areas, volumes and other related
quantities.
4. To prepare necessary maps and diagrams of an area.

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Continued …
• Application
• Surveying is being used: -
– In developing databases for natural resource management.
– In establishing boundaries of public and private lands
– In preparing navigational maps (land, air, water).
– To map the earth above and below the sea.
– In geological and geophysical studies
– In planning, design, construction, erection, renovation
and maintenance of engineering works

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Classification of surveying
I. Engineering Surveying
II. Geodetic Surveying
III.Plane Surveying
IV.Miscellaneous Survey

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Engineering Surveying
• Is the surveys which are carried
out with some engineering
consideration
• Further classified as:
1. Reconnaissance survey
2. Preliminary survey
3. Location survey

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Continued ..
1. Reconnaissance survey
- is the first engineering survey
- is carried out to study the details of the proposed
project or scheme.
* The successful conduct of the reconnaissance
survey entirely depends on the personal
qualities of the engineer such as his training and
experience, his capacity of observation and
interpretation of the features of the territory,
etc

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Continued …
2. Preliminary survey
• The objective of preliminary survey is to conduct
the survey along the alternative routes found out
by the reconnaissance survey and to determine
with greater accuracy the cost along these
alternative routs and to decide which route will be
the most economical.
• It should be carried out with great precision

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Continued …
3. Location survey
* The main objective of location survey
is to carry out the detailed survey
along the route which has been found
and fixed as the most economical
route from the data of the
preliminary survey.

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Geodetic Surveys
• Is also called the trigonometrical
surveying as it involves spherical
trigonometry.
• The spherical shape of the earth is
considered.
• The geodetic surveys ensure with the
great precision the precise positions of
the stations on the surface of the earth.

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Plane Surveys
• In this type of surveying, the curvature of the earth
is not considered and the surface of the earth is
treated as a plane surface.
• The assumption to treat the surface of the earth as
plane surface can also be justified on the following
two ground:
1. For an area of about 195km2 on earth’s surface, the
difference b/n the sum of angles of a spherical
triangle and the corresponding plane triangle is only
one second.
2. The difference b/n the arc and the subtended chord
on the surface of the earth of length 91km is only
about 50cm.

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Continued …
• Plane surveys can be subdivided into two broad
categories as follows:
1. Depending up on the shape of framework
i. Triangulation
ii. Traversing
2. Depending upon the type of instruments employed.
i. Chain survey iv. Photographic and areal survey.

ii. Compass survey v. Tacheometric survey

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Miscellaneous survey
1. Archaeological Surveys
2. Astronomical Survey
3. Cadastral Survey or Land survey
4. City Survey
5. Geological Surveys
6. Marin Surveys
7. Military Surveys
8. Mining Surveys
9. Topographical Surveys
10. Route surveys
11. Hydrographic surveys

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 Principles of surveying
1. The survey work should be carried out
from the whole to the part and not
from the part to the whole.
2. The length of main lines and the
positions of important survey stations
should be ascertained by at least two
independent measurements.

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 Basic Measurements and
Instruments Used
• Horizontal distance: – measured by tapes,
chains, tacheometers, EDM, pacing, odometer,
etc.
• Vertical distance: – measured by levels,
tacheometers.
• Horizontal angles: – measured by theodolites,
compasses.
• Vertical angles: – measured by theodolites,
clinometers.
• Basic units of measurements table

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Continued …
• Scales
* The scale of a map or a plan is the ratio of a
distance measured on the plan or map to its
corresponding distance on the ground. Examples
• Large scales:- < 1:200
• Intermediate scales: - 1:2000 to 1:10,000
• Small scales: - 1:10,000 to 1:100,000,000
– For plans
• Site plans: - 1:50 to 1:500
• Detail plans: - 1:1 to 1:20

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Continued …
• Map: - the scale is too small to allow every
feature to be properly represented.
• Conventional symbols are used to
represent features that would otherwise
be too small to be recognized.
• Plan: - on the other hand, shows all
features on the ground correctly to scale.

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 Surveying Activities
• A complete Surveying activity
involves the following steps: -
1. Field operations
2. Office Work
3. Use of instruments

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1. Field operations
• Field operation involve
– To determine the relative altitudes of points
– To establish stations and bench marks.
– To locate the details
– To measure distances and angles.
– To set out boundary lines and grades for a variety of
construction works such as culvert, bridges, buildings,
sewers, waterlines etc.
– To survey contours of the land area, etc.
– To carry out miscellaneous notes which would be of
immense help in plotting.

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2. Office work
1. Planning and design of the survey
specification coordinate system and
datum, selection of equipment and
procedure.
2. Calculations and adjustment of data
3. Preparation of plans, maps, etc.

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 3. Use of instruments
• Precautions that has to take while using the survey instruments are as
follows:
– The lifting and shifting of the instrument should be carried out with
extreme care.
– The movable parts and screws of the instrument should not be
tightened with force. But they should be lubricated to have smooth
working.
– The instructions supplied by the manufacturer should be lubricated to
have smooth working.
– The instrument should be properly taken while starting the work and
should be placed back in its original position when the work is over.
– The instrument should be suitably protected from rain, dust, sun,
storm, etc.
– The instrument should never be left unguarded. Otherwise it is likely to
be damaged by cattle, traffic or blowing wind.
– While placing the instrument on smooth surfaces, care should be taken
to see that its legs do not spread out.

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 Method of keeping note
1. Written description of what has
been done
2. Using sketch
3. Tabulation of numerical data
4. Combination of the above

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 Reference systems
1. Geographic reference system
fig
2. Grid reference system
- the earth surface is divided in to rectangular grid for
horizontal reference.
- Advantages of this system are the ease of calculation (plane
Geometry and trigonometry) and the availability of one
common datum for the X and Y dimensions in large area
3. Vertical reference system
- A vertical datum is a surface which all elevations and
depths are referred.
- the referenced datum most widely used is that of mean
sea level (msl) which is assigned an elevation of 0.000m.

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