VISUAL & AUDITORY
ERGONOMICS
Additional Material
Engineering Economy & System Analysis
Prepared by:
Era Febriana Aqidawati
Industrial Engineering
Outline
Visual Auditory
ergonomics ergonomics
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VISUAL
ERGONOMICS
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Visual ergonomics is a multidisciplinary science that is
concerned with different human aspects and
environmental aspects consisting of main domains in
physical, social, organizational, informational
ergonomics.
What is visual Visual ergonomics deals with the interaction of visual
ergonomics? processes with humans and other elements of the system.
This theory is applied to design, assess systems, and
optimize the wellbeing of humans and the overall
performance of the system
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In the visual
Determination of visual
environment as a Visual display
Visual lighting condition,
lighting design
workstation design
demanding work and
other tasks
ergonomics Ensuring visual comfort
Visual corrections to
Visual fatigue
covers these
ensure clarity of vision
and safety management
at work.
areas Assistive tools where
required, assistive
Designing environment Designing of Human-
in public places to Machine
technology specially for
ensure safety in places Interfaces(HMI) in
visually impaired
as stairs and signage. vehicles and equipment
people.
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Who applied
visual
ergonomics?
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Impact of poor visual ergonomics
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Example of visual ergonomics
application
Employees of an organization reported headache and eyestrain after new
computer systems were installed. Visual Ergonomist analyzed old and new
technology revealed the text on the new system was 1mm smaller than the old
display. As a result, employees leaned forward due to increased visual demand
and adapted to an awkward body posture while working and visual symptoms as
headache and eye strain. To resolve the issue a software specialist worked on it
to modify the computer’s interface and further employees’ feedback was taken
during redevelopment.
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EXAMPLE OF
VISUAL
ERGONOMICS
APPLICATION
(CONT.)
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AUDITORY
ERGONOMICS
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Effects of a Noisy Workplace
hearing loss
affect the hormone and autonomic nervous systems
increases blood pressure, heart rate and blood viscosity
raises the risk of vascular and cardiac problems
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Are Hearing Protectors Enough?
Studies show that the level of protection of hearing
protector is actually lower, because:
• The protector may be improperly installed or
damaged by prolonged use.
• Some workers also have a tendency to remove it a
few times a day.
It is ideal to opt for custom noise protectors that
are designed to provide comfort and protection.
Noise reduction at the source is also essential
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Principles of auditory ergonomics
Move workers away from the source of the noise
Place the source of the noise in a soundproof enclosure or allow workers to work in a
soundproofed area
Place a screen between the worker and the machine
Dampen equipment vibration
Install a silencer on noisy air vents
Plug leaks in air ducts
Reduce reverberation (echo)
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• Maintaining equipment properly
• Shutting down equipment that doesn’t need to be running
• Rotating workers in the noisiest jobs
• Encouraging noise reduction even when workers aren’t there
• Teaching employees to work with tools more quietly
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How to reduce noise in any workplace
◦ Isolate noisy devices (e.g. printers)
◦ Limit vibrations by placing shock-absorbent material underneath devices
◦ Limit the number of employees in each room
◦ Install screens or barriers between employees
◦ Close the door of all rooms
◦ Install soundproofing tiles or sound-absorbent materials on walls and ceilings
◦ Introduce some rules about conversations in open areas
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Resources (1)
◦Adapted from: https://visionscienceacademy.org/visual-ergonomics-there-is-a-lot-more-to-know/ , with references:
◦ Long, J., Toomingas, A., Forsman, M., Glimne, S., Helland, M., Hemphälä, H., & Osterhaus, W. (2014). A definition of visual
ergonomics. Applied ergonomics, 45(126), 3e1264.
◦ http://workjournal.org/news-blog/dr-jennifer-long-visionworkplay-visual-ergonomics-great-conversation-starter (last date of
access 02/11/2020)
◦ Dr PP Santanam, Dr R Krishna Kumar Monica R, Dr. Santanam’s Textbook of Occupational Optometry, First Edition. Published
by Elite School of Optometry, Unit of Medical Research Foundation, Chennai. Chapter 1: Page no: 16-17. Chapter 4: Page no: 39.
◦ “Occupational Vision Manual – American Optometric
Association” https://pingpong.ki.se/public/pp/public_courses/course05888/published/1550224490774/resourceId/23871446/
content/infoweb/node-2880850/vision-manual.pdf (last date of access 04/11/2020)
◦ Anshel, J. R. (2007). Visual ergonomics in the workplace. Aaohn Journal, 55(10), 414-420.
◦ Long and A. Long, “Applying research to practice : Generalist and specialist ( visual ergonomics ) consultancy,” vol. 41, pp.
3372–3378, 2012, doi: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0610-3372.
◦ Hemphälä and J. Eklund, “A visual ergonomics intervention in mail sorting facilities : Effects on eyes , muscles and
productivity,” Appl. Ergon., vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 217–229, 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2011.05.006.
◦ Long, J., & Long, A. (2012). Applying research to practice: Generalist and specialist (visual ergonomics)
consultancy. Work, 41(Supplement 1), 3372-3378.
◦ https://www.visualergonomics.com.au/wp content/uploads/2019/10/2019-October-Visual-ergonomics-on-the-go.pdf (last date of
access 04/11/2020)
◦ https://www.aoa.org/healthy-eyes/eye-and-vision-conditions/computer-vision-syndrome?sso=y (last date of access 04/11/2020)
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Resources (2)
◦ Adapted from: https://www.lobe.ca/en/blog/protect-my-hearing/auditory-ergonomics-workplace , with
references:
◦ Berglund, Birgitta, Lindvall, Thomas, Schwela, Dietrich H & World Health Organization. Occupational and
Environmental Health Team. (1999). Guidelines for community noise. World Health Organization. https
://apps.who.int/ iris/handle/10665/66217
◦ Stansfeld S.A. % Matheson M. P. (2003). Noise pollution : non-auditory effects on health. British Medical Bulletin
vol. 68 : 243–257
◦ Health and Safety Laboratory for the Health and Safety Executive. (2009). Real world use and performance of
hearing protection. Health and Safety Executive, Report RR720.
◦ Leroux T. (2014). Réduction du bruit à la source. Présenté dans le cadre du cours AUD6638 – Bruit et audition.
Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
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