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Encoding 1

Data encoding refers to techniques for representing data or information as an electrical, electromagnetic, or optical signal that can be transmitted between devices over a communication link. The document discusses various encoding schemes for representing both digital and analog data as digital or analog signals. It compares encoding schemes based on their signal spectrum, clocking mechanisms, error detection capabilities, and costs. Specific encoding techniques discussed include NRZ-L, Manchester, differential Manchester, ASK, FSK, and PSK.

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333 views

Encoding 1

Data encoding refers to techniques for representing data or information as an electrical, electromagnetic, or optical signal that can be transmitted between devices over a communication link. The document discusses various encoding schemes for representing both digital and analog data as digital or analog signals. It compares encoding schemes based on their signal spectrum, clocking mechanisms, error detection capabilities, and costs. Specific encoding techniques discussed include NRZ-L, Manchester, differential Manchester, ASK, FSK, and PSK.

Uploaded by

api-3825972
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data Encoding

Data Encoding refers the various techniques


of impressing data (0,1) or information on an
electrical, electromagnetic or optical signal
that would propagate through the physical
medium making up the communication link
between the two devices.
1
Plan for the Lecture
❚ Why Encoding, Encoding Issues
❚ Digital Data and Digital Signals
❚ Analog Data and Digital Signals
❚ Digital Data and Analog Signals
❚ Analog Data and Analog Signals

2
Comparison of Encoding
Schemes (1)
❚ Signal Spectrum
❙ Lack of high frequencies reduces
required bandwidth
❙ Lack of dc component allows ac coupling
via transformer, providing isolation
❙ Concentrate power in the middle of the
bandwidth
❚ Clocking
❙ Synchronizing transmitter and receiver
❙ External clock
❙ Sync mechanism based on signal
3
Comparison of Encoding
Schemes (2)
❚ Error detection
❙ Can be built in to signal encoding
❚ Signal interference and noise
immunity
❙ Some codes are better than others
❚ Cost and complexity
❙ Higher signal rate (& thus data rate) lead
to higher costs
❙ Some codes require signal rate greater
than data rate
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5
Analog Signals Carrying
Analog and Digital Data

6
Digital Signals Carrying
Analog and Digital Data

7
8
Digital Data - Digital Signal
❚ It is logical to represent digital data
with a digital signal
❚ Digital signal
❙ Discrete, discontinuous voltage pulses
❙ Each pulse is a signal element
❙ Binary data encoded into signal elements
❚ Signal changes value as the data
changes value from 0 to 1 and 1 to 0
❚ Several line encoding schemes are
possible. Each has pros and cons 9
Encoding Schemes
❚ Nonreturn to Zero-Level (NRZ-L)
❚ Nonreturn to Zero Inverted (NRZI)
❚ Bipolar -AMI
❚ Pseudoternary
❚ Manchester
❚ Differential Manchester

10
Digital Data - Digital Signal

11
NRZ pros and cons
❚ Pros
❙ Easy to engineer
❙ Make good use of bandwidth
❚ Cons
❙ dc component
❙ Lack of synchronization capability
❚ Used for magnetic recording
❚ Not often used for signal transmission

12
Problems With NRZ
❚ Difficult to determine where one bit
ends and the next begins
❚ In NRZ-L, long strings of ones and
zeroes would appear as constant
voltage pulses
❚ Timing is critical, because any drift
results in lack of synchronization and
incorrect bit values being transmitted

13
Biphase
❚ Manchester
❙ Transition in middle of each bit period
❙ Transition serves as clock and data
❙ Low to high represents one
❙ High to low represents zero
❙ Used by IEEE 802.3
❚ Differential Manchester
❙ Midbit transition is clocking only
❙ Transition at start of a bit period represents zero
❙ No transition at start of a bit period represents
one
❙ Note: this is a differential encoding scheme
14
Digital Data - Digital Signal

15
Digital Data, Analog Signal
❚ Amplitude shift keying (ASK)
❚ Frequency shift keying (FSK)
❚ Phase shift keying (PK)

16
Modulation Techniques

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Amplitude Shift Keying
❚ Values represented by different
amplitudes of carrier
❚ Usually, one amplitude is zero
❙ i.e. presence and absence of carrier is
used
❚ Susceptible to sudden gain changes
❚ Inefficient
❚ Up to 1200bps on voice grade lines
❚ Used over optical fiber
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