Writing The Research Paper

Title Must answer the
following questions:
1. What will be investigated, determined,

or discovered?
2. Who are the participants/respondents?
3. Where will the research be conducted?
(research locale/setting/place
THE PROBLEM AND A REVIEW OF
RELATED LITERATURE
 Introduction or Background of the Study
1. Must arouse the interest of the readers
2. Describes the prevailing problem situation at the global, national,
regional or local level that motivate the conduct of the study
(from the broad perspective to the narrow: letter T)
 Links and relates the background of the study to the proposed

research problem; discusses important features of the place or setting
of the study which have a bearing on the present study
 Explains what the study is all about
 Provides a strong justification for the study (what need is being
responded to, who benefits form the study, research gap being
addressed, need for further investigation due to inconsistent results in
earlier studies, persisting problems, etc.)
REVIEW/SURVEY OF RELATED
LITERATURE
1. Related insofar as the literature resembles the focus
and/or methodology of the present research; or covers
some or all of the variables covered by the present study.
2. Establishes what is already known about the problem and
what needs to be investigated
3. Identifies the origin of the present problem
4. Identifies strengths and flaws of previous studies (e.g. as
regards design or the research, sampling plan and sample
size, data collection, data analysis, instruments used)
5. Highlights the importance of the present investigation
6. Sources: books, pamphlets, magazines, conference
papers, other periodicals: theses, dissertations, journal
articles, and other publications
REVIEW/SURVEY OF RELATED LITERATURE
7. Empirical findings, as well as theories, concepts, ideas, opinions

of experts or authorities in the field/discipline covered by the
study
8. Primary sources are preferred to secondary sources.
9. For empirical studies, present the problem, findings,
conclusions, and methodology (sampling plan, instruments,
findings and conclusions) including comments on the
appropriateness of the research design, data analysis, and
plausibility and extent of applicability of the findings, in the light
of the research design)
10. Present thematically to conform with the specific problems of
the study
11. Synthesize to promote a coherent view of the state of
knowledge on the selected topic/problem; include how the
reviewed studies are similar to or different from present
research.
Conceptual/Theoretical Framework
1. Derived from the related literature; it provides the

conceptual/theoretical underpinning of the study
2. Start with the theory that will be
investigated/verified or will guide the conduct of the
research
3. Explain how variables will be measured
4. Congruent with the title and with the problems of
the study
5. Includes a schematic diagram that synthesizes the
textual presentation.
 Diagram shows the variables to be covered and their
hypothesized relationships through boxes, arrows, lines
Statement of the Problem
1. Based on the conceptual /theoretical

framework
2. Consists of the main and the sub-problems
 Main problem covers all the variables indicated in
the title and presented in the framework; excludes
those that are not reflected thereat
 Sub-problems : give a breakdown of the main
problem; no more, no less; arranged in logical order,
extensive in coverage (i.e. not answerable by either
yes, no – unless they deal with statistical analysis),
when and where; mutually exclusive in
dimensions/aspects to be addressed
Assumptions
1. Adopted as premises to the solution of the

problem
2. Propositions accepted as true; hence do not

need to be proved
Significance of the Study
1. Contributions to expand the knowledge

in the field
2. Importance to the local community, the
country, the government, the institution,
the agency concerned, the curriculum
planners and developers and to
researchers
3. Probable impact to education, science,
technology, on-going researches, etc.
Scope and Limitations
1. Presents briefly the nature, content coverage or area

of the investigation, geographical area and time
period covered by the study; population and the
sample drawn from this population
2. Also presents variables included in the investigation
and the exclusion of variables which are expected by
readers to be included in the study
3. Indicates the extent of applicability of results
4. Limitations (weaknesses or accepted shortcomings of
the study will be known after its completion. These
weaknesses are acknowledged in this section.
Definition of Terms
1. Operationally defined if intended

meanings are different from
conceptual or dictionary definitions
2. Include words or phrases taken from
the title or often used in the research
report
3. Stated in complete sentences and
arranged alphabetically
METHODOLOGY
 Research Method or Research Design (with

brief explanation of the research method/design)
 Presents and briefly discusses the research
design/method (historical, ethnographic, etc.)
 3.2. Sampling Procedure or Respondents of the

Study (presents the relevant characteristics of
the population and of the sample, the sampling
procedure, the sample size and how it is
determined)
METHODOLOGY
Instruments
 Researcher-made or standardized instruments (e.g.

questionnaires, checklists, interview protocols, tests) adopted
with permission
 Presents the author, purpose, reliability and validity measures,
gird (parts), response modes, scoring, interpretations of scores
of each instrument
 Procedures (description/explanation of what data were obtained
and how those were obtained; maintaining congruence among
the framework, the problems, hypotheses and the procedures)
METHODOLOGY
Data Analysis (for qualitative information:

explanation of the techniques of data analysis; for
quantitative data: the descriptive and/or
inferential statistical tools/tests to be used and the
purpose for which those are used)
If the research instrument includes options
which have numerical weights, an
explanation of scoring and interpretations of
scores
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 Results (presentation of findings or results of

data analysis: tabular, graphical, textual)
 Discussion (interpretations of findings, tying
up with related literature/theory; plausible
logical explanations for unexpected findings,
implications drawn in the light of current
educational practice, process or product)
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
 Summary: a brief account of the study stating the
objectives, methods, findings and conclusions)
 Conclusions: must be related to the

objectives/problems stated in the study; must look
at the implications of the findings to a related
literature, current educational practice, process or
product.
 Recommendations: establishes the connection of

the findings and conclusion; presents some probable
areas/direction for future research
REFERENCES AND APPENDICES
 REFERENCES: contains the citation of all the

resources used in the study; arranged in
alphabetical order
 APPENDICES: must be properly labeled;

contains the pertinent documents used in the
study for further reference

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Title Must answer the

1. What will be investigated, determined,

(from the broad perspective to the narrow: letter T)

 Links and relates the background of the study to the proposed

7. Empirical findings, as well as theories, concepts, ideas, opinions

1. Derived from the related literature; it provides the

1. Based on the conceptual /theoretical

1. Adopted as premises to the solution of the

2. Propositions accepted as true; hence do not

1. Contributions to expand the knowledge

1. Presents briefly the nature, content coverage or area

1. Operationally defined if intended

 Research Method or Research Design (with

 3.2. Sampling Procedure or Respondents of the

 Researcher-made or standardized instruments (e.g.

Data Analysis (for qualitative information:

 Results (presentation of findings or results of

 Conclusions: must be related to the

 Recommendations: establishes the connection of

 REFERENCES: contains the citation of all the

 APPENDICES: must be properly labeled;

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