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Unit 1 PT 6 Det of Matrix Part 2

This document discusses applications of determinants of matrices, including using the determinant of a matrix to calculate the area of a parallelogram or volume of a parallelepiped defined by vectors. It also covers properties of determinants, such as how the determinant of a product of matrices is equal to the product of the individual determinants. The document proves theorems relating the invertibility of a matrix to its determinant being non-zero and introduces Cramer's rule for solving systems of linear equations using determinants.

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33 views10 pages

Unit 1 PT 6 Det of Matrix Part 2

This document discusses applications of determinants of matrices, including using the determinant of a matrix to calculate the area of a parallelogram or volume of a parallelepiped defined by vectors. It also covers properties of determinants, such as how the determinant of a product of matrices is equal to the product of the individual determinants. The document proves theorems relating the invertibility of a matrix to its determinant being non-zero and introduces Cramer's rule for solving systems of linear equations using determinants.

Uploaded by

sprinklesdb16
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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WTW 164

Unit 1.6: The determinant of a


matrix (part 2)
Dr HR (Maya) Thackeray
<[email protected]>
Applications (page 1)
• In the xy plane, area of parallelogram given by vectors a1 and a2:
|det [a1 | a2]| (that is, the absolute value of det [a1 | a2])
Applications (page 2)
• In 3D space, volume of parallelepiped given by vectors a1, a2, and a3:
|det [a1 | a2 | a3]|
Applications (page 3)
• Area of the triangle in the xy plane with vertices
(x1,y1), (x2,y2), and (x3,y3):
|
• Equation of the line in the xy plane passing through different points
(x1,y1) and (x2,y2):
det = 0
Properties of determinants
Let A and B be n by n matrices, and let k be a real number.
• We have det kA = kn det A.
• We have det AT = det A.
• We have det AB = (det A)(det B).

Note that we do not have det (A + B) = det A + det B in general.


Inverses and determinants
Theorem. Let A be a square matrix. A is invertible if and only if det A is
not 0.

Theorem. If A is an invertible n by n matrix, then det A–1 = 1/(det A).


Proof: 1 = det In = det AA–1 = (det A)(det A–1), so det A–1 = 1/(det A).
Square coefficient matrices:
Unique Solution Theorem, version 3
Theorem. Suppose that A is an n by n matrix. The following statements
are equivalent (that is, all are true or all are false).
1. For every n by 1 column vector b, the equation Ax = b has a unique
solution x.
2. A is row equivalent to an upper-triangular matrix in which all
diagonal entries are nonzero.
3. The only solution of Ax = 0 is x = 0.
4. A is invertible.
5. det A is not 0.
Cramer’s rule
Theorem (Cramer’s rule).
Let A be an n by n matrix with det A not equal to 0. Let b be an n by 1
column vector. The equation Ax = b has the unique solution

x=

where for each j from 1 to n, we get the n by n matrix Aj from A by replacing


column j with b.
(In practice, Cramer’s rule is not used for solving large systems of linear
equations, since Gaussian and Gauss-Jordan elimination are faster.)
Example: Cramer’s rule for a 2 by 2 system
Using Cramer’s rule, solve: .
Solution. The augmented matrix is [A | b] = .
We have x = = = 1 and y = = = 2.
The unique solution is = .
Example: Cramer’s rule for a 3 by 3 system
Using Cramer’s rule, find x3 for .

Solution. The augmented matrix is .


x3 = = = = = .
(Each 3 by 3 determinant is expanded along row 1.)

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