PREPARED BY: TYPE YOUR NAME HERE

 Investigates the effect of temperature to

the speed of sound

 Describe the characteristics of sound

using the concepts of wavelength,
velocity, and amplitude
Imagine what happens when you drop a
stone into a pool of water. Waves ripple
out from the spot where the stone entered
the water. The way waves move across
the water is similar to how sound waves
travel through the air.
 DEFINITION

Sound is a form of energy

which produces a sensation
of hearing in our ears
 PROPAGATION OF SOUND
•Sound is produced by vibrating objects.

•Sound is transmitted through a medium.

•Medium can be solid, liquid or gas

•It moves from point of generation to the

listener.
•When the object vibrates, the particles in the
medium around it start vibrating.
 PROPAGATION OF SOUND
•There is no movement of the particles, they
don’t travel.
•The particles are displaced from their
equilibrium state.
•The particle exerts force on the adjacent
particle.
•The adjacent particle gets displaced while the
previous particle returns to original position.
PROPAGATION OF SOUND
 SOUND WAVE
•Wave is a disturbance that moves through a
medium.
•The wave is created when particles set
neighbouring particles into motion.

•Since the particles of the medium are in

motion,
Sound wave is a mechanical wave.
PROPAGATION OF SOUND
MECHANICS OF SOUND WAVE
•Air is the most common medium through which
the sound travels.

•Forward movement of vibrating object compress

the air, creating high pressure, this is called
Compression (C).

•The compression moves away from the vibrating

object.
MECHANICS OF SOUND WAVE
 MECHANICS OF SOUND WAVE
•When the vibrating object moves backwards it
creates low pressure called the Rarefaction (R).

•Pressure is related to the number of particles in

the medium in a given volume.
•The denser the medium the more the pressure.

•Thus sound propagation is a propagation of

density variation or pressure variation in the
medium.
MECHANICS OF SOUND WAVE
 SOUND AND MEDIUM

•Sound being a
mechanical wave
needs a medium.

•It cannot travel in

vacuum.
 SOUND - LONGITUDINAL WAVE
•Sound waves are longitudinal
waves as
•The individual particles move in a
direction parallel to the propagation of
disturbance.
•They oscillate back and forth about their
position of rest.
•Hence it is a longitudinal wave.
SOUND - LONGITUDINAL W
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUND
WAVE
Sound wave can be described by its

•Frequency.
•Amplitude.
•Speed.
 WAVELENGTH DEFINED

•In case of Sound waves the distance between two

consecutive Compressions (C) or two consecutive

Rarefaction (R) is called the wavelength.

•Wavelength is denoted by Lambda.

•The SI unit of wavelength is meter (m)

WAVELENGTH DEFINED
 FREQUENCY DEFINED
•Frequency tells us how frequently an
event occurs.
•In case of Sound waves it is the number
of Compressions (C) or number of
Rarefaction (R) per unit of time is called
the frequency of the sound wave.
•Frequency is denoted by nu.
•The SI unit of frequency is hertz (Hz)
FREQUENCY DEFINED
 TIME PERIOD DEFINED
•The time taken by two consecutive
Compressions
. (C) or Rarefaction (R) to
cross a fixed point is called the time
period of the wave
•Time period is denoted by T.
•The SI unit of Time period is second (s).
•Frequency and Time period are related
as
• Frequency = 1/ T
TIME PERIOD DEFINED
 PITCH OF SOUND
•The faster the vibration of the source,
higher is the frequency and thus higher
the Pitch.

•A high pitch sound corresponds to more number

of Compressions (C) and Rarefactions (R) passing
fixed point per unit time.
PITCH OF SOUND
 AMPLITUDE DEFINED

•The magnitude of maximum

.
disturbance in the medium on either side
of the mean is called Amplitude

•Amplitude is denoted by A.
 AMPLITUDE DEFINED

•The Loudness or Softness of sound is

determined by its Amplitude.
•It depends on the force used to produce
the vibration.
AMPLITUDE DEFINED
 TONE, NOTE, NOISE DEFINED
•A sound of single frequency is called Tone.

•A sound of mixed frequency is called Note

•What is pleasant to listen is called Music.

•Noise is unpleasant to the ear.

 SPEED OF SOUND IN DIFFERENT
MEDIUM
•The sound propagates through a medium at a
finite speed.

•The speed of depends on the properties of the

medium. It travels faster in a denser medium.

•The speed of sound depends on the temperature

of the medium. It increases with rise in
temperature.
 Speed of Sound in Different Medium
7000
6420
5950 5960
6000

5000

3980
4000

3000

2000
1498 1531
1284
965 1103 1207
1000
316 346

0
Oxygen Air Helium Hydrogen Methanol Ethanol Distilled Sea WaterIron
Glass Steel Aluminiu
Water (Flint)
 REFLECTION OF SOUND
•Sound follows the same laws of reflection as
light.

•The angle of incident sound wave and the

reflected sound is equal with the normal to the

reflecting surface.

•The incident wave the normal and the reflected

wave lie on the same plane.
REFLECTION OF SOUND
 ECHO
•Echo is the reflection of Sound from buildings
and mountains.
•To hear an Echo the difference between the

initial sound and the reflected sound should be

at least 0.1 sec.
•Mathematically this distance travelled by sound
should be at least 34.4 m on an ambient
temperature of 22 degrees centigrade.
ECHO
 REVERBERATION
•Repeated reflection of sound that results
in its persistence is called reverberation.
•Excessive reverberation prevents perception
Of sound.
•Reverberation is controlled by covering the roof
and walls of auditoriums with sound absorbing
material.

•Fibreboard, rough plasters, cardboards, and

REVERBERATION
REVERBERATION
 USES OF MULTIPLE REFLECTION SOUND

•Megaphones are used to amplify the sound.

•Doctors use Stethoscope which has pipes where

multiple reflections take place.

•Curved ceilings of cinema halls are used to

ensure that sound reaches to all the audience.

•Soundboards are used behind the stage to reflect

the sound.
USES OF MULTIPLE REFLECTION
SOUND
 RANGE OF HEARING
•Audible range for human beings is from 20 Hz
to 20000 Hz.

•Younger children and few animals hear beyond

this range as well.

•Sound below 20 Hz is called Infrasonic. (Rhinos,

Whales)

•Sound beyond 20000 Hz is called Ultrasonic.

(Bats, Dolphins)
RANGE OF HEARING
 APPLICATIONS OF ULTRASOUND
•Cleaning of hard to reach places of machines.

•Detect cracks and flaws in metal blocks.

•Medical application in echocardiography.

•Ultrasound imagery of internal organs of

Human body.
•Removal of kidney stones by breaking them
with ultrasound.
APPLICATIONS OF ULTRASOUND
 SONAR
•SONAR stand for Sound Navigation And
Ranging.

•It uses ultrasonic waves to measure distance,

direction and speed of underwater objects.

•It has a transmitter and a detector collectively

called Transducer.

•Mathematics of distance calculation is 2d = v x t

SONAR
STRUCTURE OF HUMAN EAR
When you speak or shout, your vocal chords
vibrate . These vibrations travel in all directions
through the air as waves. When the waves reach
our ears, they make our eardrums vibrate too, so
we can hear the words.
 Sound waves travel on a MEDIUM:

Sound travels by pushing the particles of a

substance. The particles push into the
particles next to them, and then return to
their original position. And the sound
continues to travel in this form until it
reaches your ear!
WHY?
 All right, let’s practice what we’ve
learned so far…

It’s time to let your partner ear

it!!

Plus, domino affect

Sound travels through a solid
faster, than through a liquid,
which is faster, than through
a gas.
Our ears are custom to hear
sound through a gas…
In movies and on TV, you'll sometimes
see and hear things exploding in
outer space -- alien spacecraft and
things like that.

Is that really possible knowing what

we know about sound?


Compressions: area of sound waves where
molecules are closer together (E)
Rarefraction: area of sound where molecules
are further apart (B)
Wavelength: distance from end of
compression to the end of the next
compression (A)
Air
molecule

Rarefaction (decreased air density)

Stereo
Speaker

Compression (increased air density)

wavelength
Frequency: the number of waves produced per
second (C)
Two other properties that affect
sound energy:

1.Pitch
2.Intensity
Pitch is the rate at which the vibrations
are produced.
The higher the frequency, the higher the pitch.

Which picture above would have the lowest

pitch? Highest pitch?
The more waves per second (or
the higher the frequency), the
higher the pitch!
Intensity depends on the strength, or
amplitude, of the vibrations producing the
sound.

If a piano string is struck forcefully the string

swings back and forth in a wider arc. The
stronger vibration then produces a louder tone
since stronger vibrations compress the
molecules of the air more forcefully and gives
them greater energy, which is interpreted by
our ears as a louder sound.
Sound energy travels on a ___________________ wave. Sound
travels through a ____________. Sound travels better through
a _____________ medium, than a ______________ medium.
A sound wave is made up of two parts; compressions and
rarefractions. The _______________ represent areas where the
molecules are closer together. Where as, a
___________________ is where the molecules are further apart.
The distance from the end of one compression to the beginning
of the next compression is called the ______________________.
The more waves per second the ____________ the frequency.
The greater the frequency the __________ the pitch.
The more force put into the pulse (which starts the sound) the
greater the __________________ of the sound. Therefore, the
sound will be louder.
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